Table 1.
Pathogen Detection Methods and Their Samples Studied
| Detection Method | Phenotypic or Genetic | Waterborne Microbial Agent Tested | Complex Sample Matrices Tested | Treated Volume, mL | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. Cell-based | A1. Isolation chip | Phenotypic | Total bacteria | Seawater and soil | NA | |
| A2. Online flow cytometry | Phenotypic | Total bacteria | Drinking water, river water, and groundwater | 0.015 | ||
| A3. Real-time flow cytometry | Phenotypic | Total bacteria | Nonchlorinated municipal drinking water, river water, and pond water | 0.016/min | ||
| A4. MALS sensor | Phenotypic | Escherichia coli | Distilled and tap water | 600 | ||
| A5. Optical microfluidic sensor based on tryptophan intrinsic fluorescence | Phenotypic | E. coli and Legionella | Distilled water | NA | ||
| A6. Novel optical sensor | Phenotypic | Total particles | Nonchlorinated water and water from cattle slaughterhouse | 200 | ||
| B. NAA | PCR-based | B1. Coaxial channel-based DNA extraction and microfluidic PCR | Genetic | E. coli | Milk | 10 |
| LAMP-based | B2. Self-contained microfluidic gLAMP | Genetic | Proteus hauseri | Serum | NA | |
| Vibrio parahaemolyticus | ||||||
| Salmonella subsp enterica | ||||||
| E. coli | ||||||
| B3. Centrifugal microfluidic automatic wireless endpoint LAMP | Genetic | E. coli | Chicken meat | NA | ||
| Salmonella spp | ||||||
| Vibrio cholerae | ||||||
| B4. One-step single-layer membrane for digital LAMP | Genetic | E. coli | Culture media | NA | ||
| Salmonella Typhi | ||||||
| Enterococcus faecalis | ||||||
| B5. Asymmetric double-layer membrane for digital LAMP | Genetic | E. coli | Unprocessed environmental water | 10 | ||
| Salmonella Typhi | ||||||
| B6. In-gel LAMP | Genetic | MS2 | Culture media | NA | ||
| C. Biosensor | C1. MOF-bacteriophage biosensor | Phenotypic | Staphylococcus aureus | Pastry cream | 0.6 | |
| C2. Impedimetric paper-based biosensor | Phenotypic | Cultures from sewage sludge | Synthetic wastewater | NA | ||
| C3. Immunomagnetic separation and colorimetric paper-based device | Phenotypic | Salmonella Typhimurium | Bird feces and whole milk | 1 | ||
| C4. Real-time amperometric immunoassay amplified by nanomaterial | Phenotypic | E. coli | Water | 0.2 | ||
| C5. Phage-mediated separation with quantitative PCR detection | Combined | E. coli O157:H7 | Agricultural water and city water | 1 | ||
| C6. Carbon nanotube multilayer biosensors and on-chip LAMP | Combined | E. coli O157:H7 | Juice and milk | 1 | ||
Abbreviations: LAMP, loop-mediated isothermal amplification; MALS, multiangle light scattering; MOF, metal-organic framework; NA, not available; NAA, nucleic acid analysis; PCR, polymerase chain reaction.