Table 2.

Pathogen Detection Methods and Their Technical Characteristics

Detection Method	Limit of Detection	Recovery Efficiency, %	Dynamic Range	Time to Answer, h	Absolute or Relative Quantification	Trained Personnel Required	Tests at Species Level	Ready for Field Test	Reference
A1	NA	Up to 50%	~500 cells	2 wk	Relative	Yes	No	No	[14]
A2	103 cells/mL−1	NA	103–106 cells/mL−1	0.25	Absolute	No	No	Yes	[16, 17]
A3	103 cells/mL−1	NA	~103 cells/mL−1	0.25	Absolute	No	No	Yes	[18]
A4	103 CFU/mL−1	NA	103–106 CFU/mL−1	0	Relative	Yes	No	No	[20]
A5	1.4 × 103 CFU/mL−1	NA	7 × 105 to 1 × 104 CFU/mL−1	0	Relative	Yes	No	Yes	[21]
A6	1.6 × 102 particles/mL−1	NA	1.6 × 102–5 × 106 particles/mL−1	10	Relative	No	No	Yes	[22]
B1	12 CFU/mL−1	97.4–100.6	NA	1.5	Relative	No	Yes	No	[23]
B2	3 copies/μL−1	NA	3–3000 copies/μL−1	1.2	Relative	No	Yes	Yes	[24]
	3 copies/μL−1		3–3000 copies/μL−1
	2 copies/μL−1		2–2000 copies/μL−1
	3 copies/μL−1		3–3000 copies/μL−1
B3	3 × 10−5 ng/μL−1 or 2.7 × 104 CFU/mL−1	NA	3 × 10−5–3 × 100 ng/μL−1	1	Relative	No	Yes	Yes	[25]
B4	11 copies/μL−1	NA	11–1.1 × 105 copies/μL−1	1	Absolute	No	Yes	Yes	[26]
B5	0.3 cells/mL−1	99.9	0.3–10 000 cells/mL−1	1	Absolute	No	Yes	Yes	[27]
	3 cells/mL−1	NA	3–10 000 cells/mL−1
B6	0.7 PFU per reaction	NA	1–1000 PFU per reaction	0.5	Absolute	No	Yes	Yes	[28]
C1	31 CFU/mL−1	96–104	40–4 × 108 CFU/mL−1	0.33	Relative	No	Yes	Yes	[29]
C2	1.9 × 103 CFU/mL−1	NA	103–106 CFU/mL−1	0.75	Relative	Yes	No	Yes	[30]
C3	102 CFU/mL−1	8.84–21.3	NA	1.5	Relative	Yes	Yes	Yes	[31]
C4	50 CFU/mL−1	NA	50–107 CFU/mL−1	0.53	Relative	No	Yes	Yes	[32]
C5	102 CFU/mL−1	45.4–80.2	102–106 CFU/mL−1	2	Relative	Yes	Yes	Yes	[33]
C6	1 CFU/mL−1	101–112.1	5–105 CFU/mL−1	2	Relative	Yes	Yes	Yes	[34]

Abbreviations: CFU, colony-forming units; NA, not available; PFU, plaque-forming units.