The state of our current understanding and proposed future directions for INOCA research. MACE = major adverse cardiac events, HF = heart failure, CMD = coronary microvascular disease, IHD = ischemic heart disease, ACS = acute coronary syndrome, HFpEF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, CAD = coronary artery disease, PET = positron emission tomography, MRI = magnetic resonance imaging, ACEi = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ASA = aspirin, Rx = treatment. Reprinted with permission from Ref 74. Copyright 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health