Table 1.

Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) treatment options

Abnormal coronary vasoconstriction or endothelial inflammation

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I)

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins)

L-Arginine supplementation

Aerobic exercise

Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP)

Abnormal coronary vasodilation

Beta-blockers/alpha-beta-blockers

Nitrates

Anti-anginal

Ranolazine

Ivabradine

Xanthine derivatives

Abnormal smooth muscle function (Prinzmetal’s angina)

Calcium channel blockers

Nitrates

Abnormal cardiac nociception

Low-dose tricyclic medication

Spinal cord stimulation

Cognitive behavioral therapy