| Study | Reason for exclusion |
|---|---|
| Bainbridge 2011 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Ballard 2004 | Multi‐component intervention. Participants received strength and balance exercises plus 6 home safety education sessions. Comparator group invited to attend exercise programme for 6 classes |
| Banez 2008 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Batson 2006 | Multi‐component intervention. Participants received exercise and mental practice of motor imagery. Comparator group were provided with exercise |
| Bean 2002 | Comparator group were assigned to a walking programme |
| Beyer 2007 | Multi‐component intervention. Participants were allocated to a multidimensional training programme and behaviour counselling |
| Bishop 2007 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Bishop 2010 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Bula 2011a | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Bunout 2005 | Fear of falling not measured |
| Chang 2007 | Community‐dwelling people and nursing home residents. Data not presented separately for community participants |
| Conroy 2010 | Multi‐component intervention. Participants invited to attend a falls prevention programme involving a medical review, physiotherapy and occupational therapy treatments |
| Davis 2011 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Davison 2005 | Multi‐component intervention. The intervention group received medical assessment, physiotherapy and occupational therapy |
| Delbaere 2006 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Devereux 2005 | Study population restricted to participants with osteopenia or osteoporosis |
| Duque 2013 | Multi‐component intervention. Participants received training on a virtual reality system, an invitation to join an exercise programme, medication review, home visit by an occupational therapist, hearing and visual assessment, nutritional supplements and educational materials on falls prevention. Comparator group participants received the same intervention but with no training on the virtual reality system |
| Elley 2003 | Majority of participants under 65 years old |
| Elley 2008 | Multi‐component intervention. Exercise group referred to optometrist, podiatrist, physical therapist and occupational therapist |
| Faber 2006 | Participants recruited from low and high‐level care nursing centres |
| Faes 2011 | Multi‐component intervention. Physical and psychological interventions provided |
| Foley 2009 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Gillespie 2012 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Gitlin 2006 | Multi‐component intervention. Participants provided with physical and occupational therapy |
| Greendale 2009 | Study population restricted to participants with adult‐onset hyperkyphosis |
| Hagedorn 2010 | Comparator group received resistance, balance and physical fitness training |
| Hakim 2003 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Hakim 2004 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Hakim 2010 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Harling 2008 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Harmer 2008 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Hartmann 2009 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Hess 2005 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Hinrichs 2009 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Huang 2011 | Multi‐component intervention. Tai Chi with cognitive behavioural strategies |
| Hugel 2000 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Inokuchi 2007 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| ISRCTN05350123 | Comparator group received strength and balance exercises |
| ISRCTN05545178 | Comparator group received strength and balance exercises |
| ISRCTN21695765 | Nursing home residents |
| ISRCTN48015966 | Multi‐component intervention. Intervention group received general guidance for physical activity, guidance for adequate nutrition, individually tailored or group training of strength and balance, treatment of illnesses increasing the risk of falling, review of medications, home hazard assessment and modification |
| ISRCTN67535605 | Multi‐component intervention. Intervention group received strength and balance training, community falls prevention rehabilitation and medical and social care |
| ISRCTN75134517 | Multi‐component intervention. Intervention group received exercise training in combination with cognitive training. Comparator group received exercise training |
| ISRCTN89512790 | No exercise intervention reported. Health coaching programme using face to face and telephone coaching sessions |
| Iwamoto 2009 | Fear of falling not measured |
| Jansson 2004 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Juarbe 2009 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Jury 2009 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Kelsey 2010 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Kemmler 2010 | Comparator group received a wellness programme of low‐intensity walking and strength and balance exercises. Fear of falling not measured |
| Kerse 2010 | Multi‐component intervention. Intervention group received exercises on a Green Prescription and motivational interviewing techniques from exercise specialists. Fear of falling not measured |
| Kim 2009a | Intervention did not include exercise |
| Kim 2011 | Study population restricted to community‐dwelling women aged 70 or older with multiple symptoms of geriatric syndrome (MSGS) including functional decline, urinary incontinence and fear of falling |
| Kuo 2011 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Kuptniratsaikul 2011 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Kuramoto 2006 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Kwok 2011 | Multi‐component intervention. All participants given home safety and modification advice in addition to their exercise. Comparator group provided with a gym‐based rehabilitation programme and home exercise |
| Kwon 2011 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Lee 2010 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Leininger 2006 | Comparator group were provided with 4 1‐hour presentations on osteoporosis and exercise in older adults, including discussion and handouts over a 10‐week period |
| Li 2005 | Comparator group were provided with a stretching exercise programme for 1 hour, 3 times a week, for 26 weeks |
| Li 2010 | Intervention did not include exercise |
| Lin 2008 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Liu 2007 | Comparator group provided with seated exercises |
| Liu 2008 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Liu 2009a | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Liu 2010 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Lord 1995 | Fear of falling not measured |
| Lord 2005 | Multi‐component interventions. The extensive intervention group received group exercises and strategies for maximising vision and sensation. The minimal intervention group received home exercise sheets and written advice about how to maximise their vision and take precautions for loss of peripheral sensation |
| Luukinen 2007 | Study population restricted to participants with ≥ 1 risk factor for falling (≥ 2 falls in previous year, loneliness, poor self rated health, poor visual acuity, poor hearing, depression, poor cognition, impaired balance, impaired chair rise and slow walking speed) |
| Maginnis 1999 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Mahoney 2007 | Multi‐component intervention. Intervention group provided with exercise, falls risk assessment and medication review |
| Marchetti 2005 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| McCulloch 2002 | Fear of falling not measured |
| McKinley 2008 | Comparator group provided with walking exercises for 2 hours, 2 times per week, for 10 weeks |
| McMurdo 1997 | Multi‐component intervention. Intervention group exercised and took calcium supplements |
| Mihay 2006 | Comparator group provided with strength training exercises 3 times a week for 18 months |
| Miller 2010 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Morgan 2004 | Fear of falling not measured |
| Nagai 2011 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| NCT00037167 | Fear of falling not measured |
| NCT00140322 | Multi‐component intervention. Intervention group received a comprehensive health assessment combined with tailored risk reduction strategies such as strength and balance exercises |
| NCT00217360 | Multi‐component intervention. Intervention participants received a "customised multifactorial falls prevention program" |
| NCT00323596 | Multi‐component intervention. Strength and balance training, plus falls risk factor assessment followed by a comprehensive geriatric assessment and treatment |
| NCT00483275 | Multi‐component intervention. Intervention included fall prevention programme with alfacalcidol and calcium, patient education and a mobility programme |
| NCT00805220 | Comparator group participated in a walking programme |
| NCT00986466 | Multi‐component intervention. Participants received exercise and vitamin D supplementation |
| NCT01006967 | Comparator group received a standard programme of physical therapy for gait and balance |
| NCT01313481 | Comparator group performed strength and balance exercises 3 times a week for 12 weeks |
| NCT01523600 | Comparator group received wellness education, which consisted of supervised group training done once a week with the focus on stretching and flexibility exercises |
| Nitz 2004 | Comparator group received balance training strategies |
| Obuchi 2004 | Comparator group provided with treadmill exercises. Fear of falling not measured |
| Oh 2012 | Multi‐component intervention. Before randomisation, all participants attended 3 educational classes that discussed falling, osteoporosis and bone fracture. Comparator group were provided with daily stretch exercises |
| Robertson 2001a | Fear of falling not measured |
| Robertson 2001b | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Romero 2010 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Rosendahl 2006 | Multi‐component intervention. Participants provided with exercise and protein‐enriched energy supplement |
| Rosie 2007 | Comparator group performed low‐intensity knee extension exercises daily for 6 weeks |
| Rubenstein 2000 | Fear of falling not measured |
| Schwarting 2002 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Sherrington 2008a | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Sherrington 2014 | Multi‐component intervention. Participants provided with home exercises and a 32‐page booklet about fall prevention. The booklet contained information about risk factors for falls, environmental modification for falls risk reduction and what to do after a fall |
| Shigematsu 2008 | Comparator group provided with strength and balance training |
| Shumway‐Cook 1997 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Silsupadol 2009 | Comparator group provided with balance training exercises |
| Simmons 1996 | Fear of falling not measured |
| Singh 2012 | Majority of participants under 65 years old |
| Sipe 2009 | Comparator group provided with resistance exercises 3 days a week for 12 weeks |
| Snow 1999 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Southard 2004 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Southard 2006 | Multi‐component intervention. Intervention group received balance retraining exercises and efficacy training (including discussion of group fears, introduction to home safety and an opportunity to practise any skill that is difficult or avoided secondary to fear). Comparator group provided with balance retraining exercises |
| Spink 2011 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Suzuki 2004 | Fear of falling not measured |
| Sze 2008 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Szturm 2011 | Comparator group provided with strength and balance exercises, assessment of walking aids, a gait re‐education programme and an unsupervised walking programme |
| Taggart 2002 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Takai 2010 | Nursing home residents |
| Talley 2008 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Tennstedt 1998 | Multi‐component intervention. Participants received group discussions focused on self efficacy, cognitive restructuring and exercise |
| Tousignant 2012 | Comparator group provided with strength and walking exercises |
| Underwood 2011 | Multi‐component intervention. Care home staff received depression awareness and physical activity training. Intervention participants received a twice weekly exercise group |
| Van Haastregt 2007 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Vind 2010 | Multi‐component intervention. Participants received personalised exercises and medical treatment |
| Voukelatos 2007 | Fear of falling not measured |
| Williams 2002 | Multi‐component intervention. Intervention participants received a 16‐week balance and mobility exercise group with a self efficacy intervention. Comparator group provided with balance and mobility exercises |
| Williams 2010 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Williams 2010a | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Woo 2007 | Fear of falling not measured |
| Wrisley 2006 | Majority of participants under 65 years old |
| Wu 2010 | Comparator group provided with Tai Chi exercises |
| Yamada 2011 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Yamada 2011a | Comparator group provided with strength and balance training exercises each week |
| Yan 2009 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
| Zilstra 2007 | Not a RCT or quasi‐RCT |
RCT: randomised controlled trial