Culos‐Reed 2010.

Study characteristics
Methods	Study design: RCT Number randomized: 100; 53 to the exercise group and 47 to the control group Study start and stop dates: recruitment occurred between 2004 and 2006 Length of intervention: 16 weeks Length of follow‐up: 12 months
Participants	Type cancer: prostate cancer Time since cancer diagnosis: not reported Time in active treatment: not reported Inclusion criteria: diagnosis of prostate cancer (any stage) may or may not have had previous treatment expected to receive androgen deprivation therapy for at least 6 months Eligibility criteria related to interest or ability, or both, to exercise: physician's clearance to participate in a hybrid exercise program consisting of aerobic, strength, and flexibility components Exclusion criteria: any comorbid condition that would restrict the participant's ability to enter the program (e.g. heart disease, emphysema, and arthritis) high risk of osteoporotic fracture because of long‐term steroid use or T‐score < −2.5 on screening bone mineral densitometry DXA scan Gender: male Current age, mean (SD, range) years: exercise group: 67.2 (8.8, 46 to 82) years control group: 68.0 (8.4, 49 to 86) years Age at cancer diagnosis: not reported Ethnicity/race: not reported Education level, n (%): exercise group: some high school, 12 (23.1%); completed high school, 10 (19.2%); some university/college, 8 (15.4%); completed university/college, 17 (32.7%); some/completed graduate school, 5 (9.6%) control group: some high school, 7 (14.9%); completed high school, 6 (12.8%); some university/college, 12 (25.5%); completed university/college, 11 (23.4%); some/completed graduate school, 11 (23.4%) SES, annual income, n (%): exercise group: < USD20,000, 4 (8.3%); USD20,000 to USD39,999, 13 (27.1%); USD40,000 to USD59,999, 7 (14.6%); USD60,000 to USD79,000, 9 (18.8%); > USD80,000, 15 (31.3%) control group: < USD20,000, 3 (6.8%); USD20,000 to USD39,999, 14 (31.8%); USD40,000 to USD59,999, 14 (31.8%); USD60,000 USD79,000, 6 (13.6%); > USD80,000, 7 (15.9%) Employment status, n (%): exercise group: full‐time, 16 (30.2%); retired, 30 (56.6%); disability/sick leave, 3 (5.7%); other, 4 (7.6%) control group: full‐time, 5 (10.6%); retired, 31 (66.0%); disability/sick leave, 1 (2.1%); other, 10 (21.2%) Comorbidities: not reported Past exercise history: not reported On hormone therapy: not reported
Interventions	53 participants assigned to the individualized physical activity exercise intervention, including: home‐based component primarily consisting of walking, stretching, and light resistance (i.e. theraband) group‐based component in a fitness center consisting of an activity component (walking, stretching, light resistance) and education/discussion Type exercise (aerobic/anaerobic): aerobic Intensity of the experimental exercise intervention: moderate Frequency: home‐based component: 3 to 5 times per week group‐based component: once per week during the 16‐week intervention and once per month until completion of the follow‐up assessments Duration of individual sessions: home‐based component: 60 minutes group‐based component: 90 minutes Duration of exercise program: 16 weeks Total number of exercise sessions: home‐based component: 156 to 260 sessions group‐based component: 24 sessions Format: individual and group Facility: home and facility (fitness center) Group‐based component professionally led by certified fitness professional Adherence: not reported 47 participants assigned to control group, including: waiting list control Contamination of control group: not reported
Outcomes	Primary outcome: physical activity behavior, assessed using the Godin LSI of the Godin Leisure Time Exercise questionnaire Other outcomes included: HRQoL, assessed using the European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer, Quality of Life Study Group (QLQ‐C30) organ‐specific function and bother, assessed using the EPIC fatigue, assessed using the Fatigue Severity Scale depression, assessed using the CES‐D scale Outcomes were measured at baseline, 16 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months: exercise group: n = 53 at baseline, n = 53 at 16 weeks, n = 53 at 6 months, n = 53 at 12 months control group: n = 47 at baseline, n = 47 at 16 weeks, n = 47 at 6 months, n = 47 at 12 months Subgroup analysis: not reported Adverse events: not reported
Notes	Country: Canada Funding: none reported
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	The generation of the random sequence was not described
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Whether the treatment assigned was concealed from study personnel and participants was not described
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Owing to the nature of the intervention, it was not possible to conceal allocation to the intervention from the participants
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Allocation to the intervention was not concealed from the study personnel
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Analyses were conducted on an ITT basis
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	There appears to be no selective reporting of outcomes
Other bias	Low risk	The trial appears to be free of other problems that could put it at a high risk of bias