Moadel 2007.

Study characteristics
Methods	Study design: RCT Number randomized: 164; 108 to a yoga exercise group and 56 to the control group Study start and stop dates: 2001 to 2005 Length of intervention: 12 weeks Length of follow‐up: 1, 3, and 6 months
Participants	Type cancer: breast cancer, stage of disease: exercise group: Stage I, 42%; Stage II, 36%; Stage III, 17%; Stage IV, 5% control group: Stage I, 50%; Stage II, 38%; Stage III, 12%; Stage IV, 0% Time since cancer diagnosis, mean (SD, range) years: exercise group: 1.15 (1.14, 0.06 to 4.06) years control group: 0.98 (1.13, 0.03 to 4.70) years Time in active treatment: receiving chemotherapy, %: exercise group: at baseline, 30%; at 3 months, 36% control group: at baseline, 23%; at 3 months, 27% Randomization was stratified by treatment status Inclusion criteria: ≥ 18 years old new/recurrent breast cancer (Stages I to III) diagnosis within previous 5 years high performance status (ECOG performance status of < 3) ability to speak English or Spanish Eligibility criterion related to interest or ability, or both, to exercise: not actively practicing yoga Exclusion criteria: none reported Gender: female Current age, mean (SD, range) years: exercise group: 55.11 (10.07, 32 to 75) years control group: 54.23 (9.81, 28 to 71) years Age at cancer diagnosis: not reported Ethnicity/race, %: exercise group: African‐American, 42%; Hispanic, 30%; non‐Hispanic white, 22%; other, 6% control group: African‐American, 43%; Hispanic, 34%; non‐Hispanic white, 23%; other, 0% Education level: exercise group: high school, 69%; college/graduate, 31% control group: high school, 89%; college/graduate, 11% SES: not reported Employment status: not reported Comorbidities: not reported Past exercise history: not reported On hormone therapy, %: exercise group: at baseline, 24%; at 3 months, 36% control group: at baseline, 41%; at 3 months, 50%
Interventions	108 participants assigned to exercise group, consisting of yoga with each session including: physical stretches and poses breathing exercises meditation All exercises were done in a seated or reclined position Type exercise (aerobic/anaerobic): aerobic Intensity of experimental exercise intervention: mild Frequency: once per week, but participants were allowed to attend more than 1 session per week and asked to practice yoga at home Duration of sessions: 90 minutes Duration of program: 12 weeks Total number of exercise sessions: 12 sessions Facility: facility and home Professionally led: not reported 56 participants assigned to control group, including: waiting list Adherence: 26 (31%) participants did not attend any classes, but 8 reported practicing yoga at home at least a few times per week. The mean number of classes attended by active class participants was 7.00 (SD 3.80) classes. Of 59 participants reporting data, 61% practiced yoga at home at least a few times per week Contamination of control group: not reported
Outcomes	No primary outcome was identified. QoL outcomes included: global QoL, measured using the FACT‐G and subscales of PWB functional well‐being EWB SWB fatigue, assessed using the FACIT‐F spiritual well‐being, assessed using the FACIT‐Sp mood, assessed using subscales of the POMS Outcomes were measured at baseline and 12 weeks: exercise group: n = 84 at baseline, n = 84 at 12 weeks control group: n = 44 at baseline, n = 44 at 12 weeks Subgroup analysis: by treatment status Adverse events: none reported
Notes	Country: US Funding: National Cancer Institute, Langeloth Foundation
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Generation of allocation sequence was not described
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Whether the treatment assignment was concealed from study personnel and participants was not described
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Owing to the nature of the intervention, it was not possible to conceal allocation to the intervention from the participants
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Study personnel and outcome assessors were not masked or blinded to the study interventions
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	High risk	Investigators stated that they used an "intention‐to‐treat approach" but it is unclear how the 24 drop‐outs in the exercise arm and the 12 drop‐outs in the control arm were handled
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	There appears to be no selective reporting of outcomes
Other bias	Low risk	The trial appears to be free of other problems that could put it at a high risk of bias