Oh 2008.

Study characteristics
Methods	Study design: RCT Number randomized: 30; 15 to the exercise group and 15 to the control group Study start and stop dates: recruitment took place from July 2006 to August 2006 Length of intervention: 8 weeks Length of follow‐up: to end of the intervention
Participants	Type cancer, n: exercise group: breast, 6; ovary, 4; lymphoma, 1; lung, 1; colon, 0; others, 3 control group: breast, 6; ovary, 2; lymphoma, 1; lung, 1; colon, 3; others, 2 Time since cancer diagnosis: not reported Time in active treatment: some patients still undergoing chemotherapy; randomization stratified by whether still being treated or completed therapy  Inclusion criteria: confirmed diagnosis of cancer at any stage ≥ 18 years old ECOG performance status of 0 to 3 expected survival length of > 12 months ability to complete all study questionnaires and sign the consent form Eligibility criterion related to interest or ability, or both, to exercise: medical contraindication for exercise (e.g. significant orthopedic problem or cardiovascular disease) already practicing Qigong Exclusion criteria: diagnosis of other major medical or psychiatric disorder history of epilepsy, brain metastasis, delirium, or dementia Gender, n:·         exercise group: male, 3; female, 12 control group: male, 3; female, 12 Age group, n: exercise group: 36 to 45 years, 2; 46 to 55 years, 4; 56 to 65 years, 3; 66 to 75 years, 6 control group: 36 to 45 years, 2; 46 to 55 years, 3; 56 to 65 years, 9; 66 to 75 years, 1 Age at cancer diagnosis: not reported Ethnicity, n: exercise group: Caucasian, 11; Asian, 3; Indigenous Australian, 1 control group: Caucasian, 14; Asian, 0; Indigenous Australian, 1 Education level, n: exercise group: primary, 1; secondary, 5; tertiary, 9 control group: primary, 1; secondary, 4; tertiary, 10 SES: not reported Employment status: not reported Comorbidities: not reported Past exercise history: limited by eligibility criteria On hormone therapy: not reported
Interventions	15 participants assigned to exercise group, consisting of medical Qigong, with each session including: 15 minutes of general discussion 30 minutes of gentle stretching and body movement in standing postures  15 minutes movement in seated posture, and  30 minutes of breathing exercise Type exercise (aerobic/anaerobic): aerobic Intensity of experimental exercise intervention: mild Frequency: once or twice per week for 8 weeks and recommendation to practice at home daily Duration of sessions: 90 minutes, 1 hour for home sessions Duration of program: 8 weeks Total number of exercise sessions: maximum of 16 facility‐based and 56 home‐based sessions Facility: facility Professionally led: experienced medical Qigong instructor who was a Chinese medicine practitioner 15 participants assigned to control group, including: usual care Adherence: not reported Contamination of control group: not reported
Outcomes	Primary outcomes, QoL and symptom experience, included: global QoL, measured using EORTC Core QLQ‐C30, and subscales of physical function role function emotional function cognition function social function fatigue nausea pain dyspnea insomnia appetite constipation diarrhea perceived financial impact of the disease Physiologic outcomes included: CRP Outcomes were measured at baseline and 8 weeks: exercise group: n = 15 at baseline, n = 8 at 8 weeks control group: n = 15 at baseline, n = 10 at 8 weeks Subgroup analysis: none reported Adverse events: none reported
Notes	Country: Australia Funding: University of Sydney Cancer Research Fund
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	"Randomization was done by a computer program"
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Whether the treatment assignment was concealed from study personnel and participants was not described
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Owing to the nature of the intervention, it was not possible to conceal allocation to the intervention from the participants
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Study personnel and outcome assessors were not masked or blinded to the study interventions
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	High risk	ITT analysis not completed. Of 15 randomized participants in each treatment group, 7 withdrew from the exercise group and 5 from the control group...
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	There is no evidence of selective reporting of outcomes
Other bias	High risk	Small sample size can put study at risk of bias