Tang 2010.

Study characteristics
Methods	Study design: RCT Number randomized: 72; 37 to the exercise group and 35 to the control group Study start and stop dates: not reported Length of intervention: 8 weeks Length of follow‐up: 1 and 2 months
Participants	Type cancer, n (%): exercise group: breast, 23 (63.9%); gastrointestinal, 6 (16.7%); nasopharyngeal, 4 (11.1%); lung, 0 (0%); other, 3 (8.3%) control group: breast, 16 (45.7%); gastrointestinal, 5 (14.3%); nasopharyngeal, 3 (8.6%); lung, 4 (11.4%); other, 7 (20%) Time since cancer diagnosis, mean (SD) years: exercise group: 3.56 (3.92) years control group: 4.13 (4.06) years Time in active treatment, undergoing cancer treatment, n (%): exercise group: 7 (19.4%) control group: 14 (40.0%)  Inclusion criteria: ≥ 18 years old diagnosed with cancer complaint of sleep disturbance with a PSQI score > 5 approved for participation by their oncologist able to communicate in Mandarin or Taiwanese Eligibility criterion related to interest or ability, or both, to exercise: neuromuscular deficits that would contraindicate a walking exercise intervention have not regularly undertaken more than 1 session of moderate‐intensity exercise each week over the past 6 months Exclusion criteria: uncontrolled hypertension, cardiac, or psychiatric illness blood pressure > 140/90 mmHg Gender, n (%): exercise group: male, 5 (13.9%); female, 31 (86.1%) control group: male, 12 (34.3%); female, 23 (65.7%) Current age, mean (SD) years: exercise group: 47.36 (10.14) years control group: 56.37 (12.43) years Age at cancer diagnosis: not reported Ethnicity/race: not reported Education level, mean (SD) years: exercise group: 9.97 (3.67) years control group: 8.26 (4.66) years SES: not reported Employment status, n (%): exercise group: working, 13 (36.1%); not working, 23 (63.9%) control group: working, 10 (28.6%); not working, 25 (71.4%) Comorbidities: not reported Past exercise history: not reported On hormone therapy: not reported
Interventions	37 participants assigned to a walking exercise intervention, including: instructions to walk briskly (at a pace that was faster than normal), starting with a 5‐minute warm‐up (walking slowly) and finishing with a 5‐minute cool‐down after completing the 30‐minute walk exercise booklet ‐ written material for home use focusing on safety and proper technique Type exercise (aerobic/anaerobic): aerobic Intensity of experimental exercise intervention: rating of perceived exertion between 11 and 13, with a rating of 6 = resting and 20 = very, very hard Frequency: 3 times per week Duration of individual sessions: 30 minutes plus 5 minutes warm‐up and 5 minutes cool‐down Duration of exercise program: 8 weeks Total number of exercise sessions: 24 sessions Format: individual Facility: home Not professionally led 35 participants assigned to the control group, including: instructions to maintain current lifestyle for 8 weeks instructions to record in a diary provided by the researchers any exercise taken beyond what they normally do invited to begin their own walking program following study completion at 8 weeks Adherence: 32/36 (89%) reached an adherence rate of at least 50%. The mean (SD) number of complete exercise sessions was 20.03 (6.60) Contamination of control group: not reported
Outcomes	Primary outcome:  sleep quality, assessed using the PSQI Secondary outcomes included: QoL, measured using the PCS and MCS subscales of the MOS SF‐36 Outcomes were measured at baseline, 1 month, and 2 months: exercise group: n = 37 at baseline, n = 35 at 1 month, n = 36 at 2 months control group: n = 35 at baseline, n = 35 at 1 month, n = 35 at 2 months Subgroup analysis: none specified Adverse events: none reported
Notes	Country: Taiwan Funding: not reported
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Allocation sequence was generated using a table of random numbers
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Whether the treatment assignment was concealed from study personnel and participants was not described
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Owing to the nature of the intervention, it was not possible to conceal allocation to the intervention from the participants
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Study personnel and outcome assessors were not masked or blinded to the study interventions
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	The study was analyzed on an ITT basis. Missing observations, including those incurred by participant drop‐outs, were imputed by the "last observation carried forward" method. The disproportionate attrition from the intervention group places the study at a high risk of bias
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	There appears to be no selective reporting of outcomes
Other bias	Low risk	The trial appears to be free of other problems that could put it at a high risk of bias