Fig. 1.

Different methods for proper physical entrapment of microorganisms. (A) Microorganisms suspensions can be filtered through a porous membrane whose pore size corresponds to that of the cells. (B) AFM deflection images of the yeast Candida albicans trapped in a pore, allowing high resolution images where a cell bud scar is visible. (C) Schematics of the immobilisation methods using PDMS microstructured stamps as developed by Formosa et al. (2015a). Living cells are assembled into the stamps using convective and capillary assembly. (D) AFM images of such PDMS cells arrays filled with C. albicans. (E) Immobilization in microfluidic device as developed by Peric et al. (2017). The microfluidic chip with bacterial traps is mounted to a square opening in the silicon holder. The underside of the device is transparent to allow simultaneous AFM and optical microscopy measurements. (F) AFM image of Escherichia coli bacterium trapped in such trap. (G) Immobilization in micro-tube arrays with an open-up structure as developed by Chen et al. (2014). SEM Images of the mold use to create PDMS micro-tubes structures. (H) AFM imaging of the bacteria dividing along the micro-channel. The design of the set-up allows for simultaneous AFM - fluorescent imaging. Fig. 1B, right, has been reproduced from (Dufrene, 2015) with permission from Elsevier Reprints. Fig. 1C-D have been reproduced from (Formosa et al., 2015a) with permission from Springer Nature. Fig. 1E, F have been reproduced from (Peric et al., 2017) with permission from Springer Nature. Fig. 1 G-H have been reproduced from (Chen et al., 2014) with permission from John Wiley and Sons.