Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the English and Swedish cohorts included in the heart failure (primary outcome) analysis
| English cohort | Swedish cohort | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Continued ACEI/ARB | Stopped ACEI/ARB | Continued ACEI/ARB | Stopped ACEI/ARB | |
| N = 3300 | N = 4003 | N = 555 | N = 1235 | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 77 (11) | 77 (11) | 75 (12) | 75 (12) |
| Age (years) | ||||
| 18–69 | 756 (23) | 914 (23) | 179 (32) | 393 (32) |
| 70–74 | 386 (12) | 482 (12) | 73 (13) | 162 (13) |
| 75–79 | 609 (19) | 731 (18) | 80 (14) | 161 (13) |
| 80–84 | 672 (20) | 827 (21) | 94 (17) | 214 (17) |
| 85–89 | 552 (17) | 655 (16) | 85 (15) | 201 (16) |
| ≥ 90 | 325 (10) | 394 (10) | 44 (8) | 104 (8) |
| Women | 1569 (48) | 1862 (47) | 255 (46) | 550 (45) |
| Baseline eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2), mean (SD) | 55 (21) | 53 (22) | 53 (23) | 55 (24) |
| eGFR category | ||||
| No known CKD | 388 (12) | 487 (12) | 25 (5) | 102 (8) |
| G1-No CKD | 202 (6) | 214 (5) | 38 (7) | 106 (9) |
| G2-Mild | 894 (27) | 999 (25) | 164 (30) | 357 (29) |
| G3a-Mild-Mod | 726 (22) | 838 (21) | 118 (21) | 237 (19) |
| G3b-Mod-Severe | 775 (24) | 911 (23) | 112 (20) | 242 (20) |
| G4-Severe | 297 (9) | 504 (13) | 83 (15) | 153 (12) |
| G5-Kidney failure | 18 (1) | 50 (1) | 15 (3) | 38 (3) |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Arrhythmia | 1069 (32) | 1180 (30) | 233 (42) | 452 (37) |
| Diabetes | 1596 (48) | 1824 (46) | 259 (47) | 507 (41) |
| Heart failure | 1067 (32) | 1146 (29) | 285 (51) | 563 (46) |
| Hypertension | 2869 (87) | 3470 (87) | 472 (85) | 1078 (87) |
| IHD | 1770 (54) | 1981 (50) | 213 (38) | 445 (36) |
| Medications | ||||
| Beta blocker | 1453 (44) | 1643 (41) | 389 (70) | 825 (67) |
| CCB | 1152 (35) | 1458 (36) | 205 (37) | 452 (37) |
| Loop diuretic | 1942 (59) | 2273 (57) | 168 (30) | 331 (27) |
| Spironolactone | 416 (13) | 432 (11) | 144 (26) | 279 (23) |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| White | 3058 (93) | 3812 (95) | ||
| Black | 59 (2) | 45 (1) | ||
| Asian | 119 (4) | 85 (2) | ||
| Other | 35 (1) | 26 (1) | ||
| Missing | 29 (1) | 35 (1) | ||
| Smoking | ||||
| Non-smoker | 986 (30) | 1211 (30) | ||
| Ex-smoker | 1923 (58) | 2360 (59) | ||
| Current smoker | 378 (12) | 425 (11) | ||
| Missing | 13 (< 1) | 7 (< 1) | ||
| Alcohol use | ||||
| Non-drinker | 389 (12) | 433 (11) | ||
| Current drinker | 2133 (65) | 2683 (67) | ||
| Ex-drinker | 611 (19) | 713 (18) | ||
| Missing | 167 (5) | 174 (4) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 29 (7) | 29 (7) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| BMI < 18.5 | 84 (3) | 83 (2) | ||
| BMI 18.5–24.9 | 770 (23) | 1019 (25) | ||
| BMI 25–29.9 | 1061 (32) | 1278 (32) | ||
| BMI ≥ 30 | 1265 (38) | 1484 (37) | ||
| Missing | 120 (4) | 139 (4) | ||
| Dialysis during baseline AKI admission | 71 (2) | 190 (5) | ||
Data are n (%) unless otherwise specified. BMI, alcohol use, smoking, and ethnicity were not available in the Swedish dataset
SD standard deviation, CKD chronic kidney disease, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR category using KDIGO cut-points without the chronicity requirement, mod moderate, IHD ischaemic heart disease, CCB calcium channel blockers, BMI body mass index, AKI acute kidney injury