Table 2.

Glycemic response results (mean±SEM)

Variable and treatment groups	Baseline (5±0.1 days)	Intervention (6±0.1 days)	Change versus baseline	P value* versus baseline	P value† versus self-selected diet
Preprandial (fasting) glucose (mg/dL)
Self-selected diet	184.3±8.0	177.4±7.5	−6.9±4.0	0.1193	–
DSNS Bkfst/AS	186.3±12.8	182.0±12.2	−4.4±5.4	0.2368	0.5713
DSNS Bkfst/PBS	173.5±9.8	168.3±9.8	−5.2±5.4	0.2714	0.7770
Breakfast, positive AUC (mg/dL*min, 0–120 min)‡
Self-selected diet	4237±514	3074±364	−1162±422	0.0100	–
DSNS Bkfst/AS	3258±529	1551±198	−1708±496	0.0002	0.0083
DSNS Bkfst/PBS	3928±596	1978±301	−1950±582	0.0027	0.0686
Breakfast, adjusted peak value (mg/dL)‡
Self-selected diet	66.2±6.8	51.7±5.1	−14±6	0.0195	–
DSNS Bkfst/AS	52.7±7.2	27.9±3.1	−25±7	0.0015	0.0025
DSNS Bkfst/PBS	57.5±7.7	30.8±4.0	−27±8	0.0023	0.0098
Daytime§ variability (MAGE, mg/dL)
Self-selected diet	106.5±5.2	100.5±4.1	−6.0±3.6	0.1018	–
DSNS Bkfst/AS	104.5±6.5	98.6±6.9	−5.9±4.6	0.2145	0.9586
DSNS Bkfst/PBS	99.5±6.0	88.8±5.9	−10.7±5.9	0.0803	0.3370
Nocturnal variability (MAGE, mg/dL)
Self-selected diet	63.6±5.4	61.4±4.5	−2.2±4.0	0.5936	–
DSNS Bkfst/AS	70.8±8.8	59.5±7.2	−11.3±4.5	0.0204	0.4623
DSNS Bkfst/PBS	60.7±5.1	54.9±4.2	−5.9±4.2	0.1793	0.7445

*Paired t-test or signed-rank test if a variable was declared non-normal by Shapiro-Wilk test (p<0.001).

†Analysis of covariance. The significance level was adjusted for multiple comparisons of treatment group groups using Tukey-Kramer p value adjustments.

‡Begins with the first time point collected after meal and continues until 120 min after meal.

§Daytime (starting from time of waking to time subject went to bed); nocturnal (starting from time subject went to bed to time of waking).⁵

AUC, area under the curve; Bkfst/AS, breakfast/afternoon snack; Bkfst/PBS, breakfast/prebed snack; DSNS, diabetes-specific nutritional shake; MAGE, mean amplitude of glycemic excursion.