Table 2.
Associations between time-variant prednisolone-equivalent glucocorticoid dose and incident type 2 diabetes by immune-mediated inflammatory disease
| Adjusted HRs with 95% CI | |||||
| Polymyalgia rheumatica or giant cell arteritis | Inflammatory bowel disease | Rheumatoid arthritis | Systemic lupus erythematosus | Vasculitis | |
| Events (n) | 3236 | 1831 | 2303 | 276 | 491 |
| Ever use (ref non-use since 1 year before follow-up start) | 1.33 (1.18 to 1.51) | 1.32 (1.19 to 1.45) | 1.41 (1.29 to 1.54) | 1.53 (1.18 to 1.99) | 1.30 (1.08 to 1.57) |
| Current use (ref non-use) | 2.32 (2.15 to 2.51) | 2.86 (2.55 to 3.20) | 2.01 (1.84 to 2.20) | 2.71 (2.05 to 3.57) | 2.20 (1.79 to 2.71) |
| Current daily dose per 5 mg/day |
1.02 (1.01 to 1.04) | 1.05 (1.04 to 1.06) | 1.03 (1.02 to 1.04) | 1.23 (1.17 to 1.30) | 1.20 (1.15 to 1.26) |
| Current daily dose in mg (ref non-use) |
1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| >0–4.9 | 2.00 (1.79 to 2.23) | 2.09 (1.53 to 2.88) | 1.66 (1.37 to 2.02) | 1.72 (0.93 to 3.19) | 1.28 (0.52 to 3.12) |
| 5.0–14.9 | 2.29 (2.07 to 2.53) | 2.34 (1.93 to 2.84) | 1.90 (1.71 to 2.12) | 2.67 (1.94 to 3.68) | 2.14 (1.57 to 2.90) |
| 15.0–24.9 | 3.14 (2.64 to 3.74) | 4.20 (2.90 to 6.07) | 3.07 (2.28 to 4.14) | 3.00 (1.05 to 8.59) | 3.04 (1.89 to 4.87) |
| ≥25 | 3.88 (3.20 to 4.71) | 5.05 (4.09 to 6.24) | 4.00 (3.08 to 5.21) | 6.63 (3.55 to 12.38) | 3.66 (2.21 to 6.06) |
| Cumulative dose per 1000 mg |
1.03 (1.02 to 1.03) | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.01) | 1.02 (1.01 to 1.02) | 1.03 (1.01 to 1.04) | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.02) |
| Cumulative dose in mg (ref non-use) |
1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1.0–959.9 | 1.12 (0.96 to 1.31) | 1.25 (1.09 to 1.42) | 1.17 (1.04 to 1.32) | 1.20 (0.83 to 1.75) | 1.24 (0.97 to 1.59) |
| 960.0–3054.9 | 1.27 (1.11 to 1.46) | 1.27 (1.10 to 1.46) | 1.44 (1.25 to 1.65) | 1.01 (0.61 to 1.69) | 1.32 (0.95 to 1.85) |
| 3055.0–7299.9 | 1.24 (1.08 to 1.42) | 1.37 (1.17 to 1.60) | 1.58 (1.38 to 1.82) | 2.40 (1.64 to 3.52) | 1.26 (0.92 to 1.74) |
| ≥7300.0 | 1.86 (1.62 to 2.14) | 1.55 (1.31 to 1.83) | 1.61 (1.42 to 1.81) | 1.87 (1.30 to 2.69) | 1.44 (1.07 to 1.95) |
HRs from Cox proportional imputed models adjusted for baseline age, sex, hypertension, prescribed non-oral glucocorticoids and blood pressure-lowering medication, and underlying inflammatory disease type; and time-variant use of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; the general practice identifier was included as a random intercept to account for clustering effect.