Table 2.

Key features of the six decision-analytic model-based economic evaluations in SLE

Study	Country	Target population	Type of model	Perspective	Type of study	Comparators	Result	VOI
Marra et al28	Canada	Patients with rheumatological conditions (predominantly SLE and RA)	Decision tree	Third-party payer	CEA	Two strategies; full-dose AZA and a genotype test to inform dose of AZA	Genotype testing strategy was dominant	No
Mohara et al29	Thailand	Patients, aged 40 years, newly diagnosed with active, severe lupus nephritis and receiving immunosuppressive therapy	Markov model	Societal	CUA	Four strategies; different combinations of IV-CYC, MMF, AZA and induction and maintenance therapies.	IV-CYC induction and AZA maintenance was dominant	No
Nee et al30	USA	Patients with lupus nephritis, between 20 years and 40 years, who responded to induction therapy	Markov microsimulation model	Societal	CUA	Two strategies; AZA and MMF	MMF had ICER of $6454 per QALY gained relative to AZA	Population EVPI: $2 058 206
Oh et al31	Korea	Adults with moderate to severe RA or SLE	Decision tree	Societal	CEA	Two strategies; weight-based dose of AZA and a genotype test to inform dose of AZA	Genotype testing strategy was dominant	No
Specchia et al32	Italy	50 000 patients with SLE that had active disease and a positive autoantibody test	Individual-level microsimulation	Italian health service and societal	CEA; CUA	Two strategies; BEL with and without SOC	BEL and SOC had ICER of €32 859 per QALY gained	No
Wilson et al33	UK	10 000 patients with lupus nephritis eligible for induction therapy	Patient-level simulation	National Health Service	CUA	Two strategies; MMF with PRED and IV-CYC with PRED	MMF with PRED was dominant	No

AZA, azathioprine; BEL, belimumab; CEA, cost-effectiveness analysis; CUA, cost-utility analysis; EVPI, expected value of perfect information; ICER, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio; IV-CYC, intravenous cyclophosphamide; MMF, mycophenolate mofetil; PRED, prednisolone; QALY, quality-adjusted life year; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; SOC, standard of care; VOI, value of information.