Table 1.
Characteristics of primary studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis, 2019, Ethiopia
| Study ID | Author (year) | Region | Study Design | Sample Size | PMR per 1000 total births | SBR per 1000 births | ENM R per 1000 live births | IPI < 15 months with PM | IPI < 15 months without PM | IPI ≥ 15 months with PM | IPI ≥ 15 months without PM | OR [95% CI] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sahlemariam Y (1997) [36] | Addis Ababa | Follow up | 1606 | 106/1606 (66) | 38/1606 (23.7) |
68/1334 (50.9) |
– | – | – | – | – |
| 2 | EDHS (2000) [32] | National | Cross sectional | 12,494 |
655/12494 (52) |
234/12494 (18.7) |
421/12260 (34) |
– | – | – | – | – |
| 3 | EDHS (2005) [33] | National | Cross sectional | 11,280 |
420/11280 (37) |
117/11280 (10.4) |
303/10860 (27.9) |
– | – | – | – | – |
| 4 | EDHS (2011) [2] | National | Cross sectional | 12,077 |
551/12077 (46) |
204/12077 (16.9) |
347/11873 (29) |
– | – | – | – | – |
| 5 | Chekol A (2011) [26] | Benishangul | Cross sectional | 581 |
69/581 (118.8) |
56/581 (96.4) |
13/525 (24.8) |
– | – | – | – | – |
| 6 | Assefa N (2012) [22] | Oromia | prospective follow up | 1438 |
27/1438 (18.8) |
27/1438 (18.8) |
– | – | – | – | – | – |
| 7 | Wakgari N (2013) [41] | mixed (EDHS) | Cross sectional | 8651 |
343/8651 (39.6) |
– |
343/8651 (39.6) |
– | – | – | – | – |
| 8 | Andargie G (2013) [3] | Amhara | Prospective longitudinal | 1752 |
88/1752 (50.2) |
41/1752 (23.4) |
47/1711 (27.5) |
40 | 483 | 48 | 1881 | 2.04 [1.32; 3.14] |
| 9 | Worku A (2014) [44] | Amhara | Prospective Cohort | 727 | 36/727 (49.52) |
20/727 (27.5) |
16/707 (22.6) |
– | – | – | – | – |
| 10 | Adane A (2014) [19] | Amhara | Cross sectional | 481 |
34/481 (70.7) |
34/481 (70.7) |
– | – | – | – | – | – |
| 11 | Yaya Y (2014) [45] | SNNP | Cross sectional | 11,762 |
226/11762 (19.2) |
226/11762 (19.2) |
– | – | – | – | – | – |
| 12 | Debelew G (2014) [28] | Oromia | Prospective follow up | 3510 |
123/3510 (35) |
47/3510 (13.4) |
76/3463 (21.9) |
– | – | – | – | – |
| 13 | Abdo R (2016) [18] | SNNP | Cross sectional | 327 |
28/327 (85.6) |
28/327 (85.6) |
– | – | – | – | – | – |
| 14 | Mengesha H (2016) [34] | Tigray | prospective cohort | 1152 |
50/1152 (43.4) |
– |
50/1152 (43.4) |
– | – | – | – | – |
| 15 | Shifa G (2016) [8] | SNNP | Cross sectional | 20,161 |
282/20161 (13.98) |
– |
282/20161 (13.98) |
– | – | – | – | – |
| 16 | Berhie K (2016) [25] | mixed | Cross sectional | 12,560 |
320/12560 (25.5) |
– |
320/12560 (25.5) |
– | – | – | – | – |
| 17 | Asefa D (2016) [21] | Oromia | Cross sectional | 9921 |
1080/9921 (108.9) |
852/9921 (85.9) |
232/9069 (25.6) |
– | – | – | – | – |
| 18 | Aragaw Y (2016) [20] | Oromia | Cross sectional | 3786 |
372/3786 (98.3) |
268/3786 (70.8) |
104/3518 (29.6) |
– | – | – | – | – |
| 19 | Ballard K (2016) [23] | mixed (Amhara and Oromia) | Cross sectional | 4358 |
95/4358 (21.8) |
95/4358 (21.8) |
– | – | – | – | – | – |
| 20 | Yirgu R (2016) [12] | Amhara | Nested Case control | 4049 |
102/4049 (25.2) |
57/4049 (14.1) |
45/3992 (11.3) |
1 | 5 | 101 | 217 | 0.43 [0.05; 3.73] |
| 21 | Cherie N (2017) [27] | Amhara | Cross sectional | 462 |
21/462 (45.5) |
21/462 (45.5) |
– | – | – | – | – | – |
| 22 | Dejene T (2017) [38] | Oromia | Cross sectional | 413 |
33/413 (79.9) |
33/413 (79.9) |
– | – | – | – | – | – |
| 23 | Mihiretu A (2017) [35] | SNNP | Cross sectional | 300 |
52/300 (173.3) |
52/300 (173.3) |
– | – | – | – | – | – |
| 24 | Lakew D (2017) [31] | Amhara | Cross sectional | 2555 |
218/2555 (85.3) |
218/2555 (85.3) |
– | 104 | 793 | 43 | 1009 | 3.08 [2.13; 4.44] |
| 25 | Tsegaye B (2018) [40] | SNNP | Cross sectional | 580 |
16/580 (27.6) |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 26 | Roro E (2018) [11] | Oromia | Nested Case control | 4383 |
73/4383 (16.7) |
26/4383 (5.9) |
47/4357 (10.8) |
15 | 18 | 58 | 128 | 1.84 [0.87; 3.9] |
| 27 | Goba G (2018) [1] | Tigray | unmatched case control | 265 | – | – | – | 42 | 39 | 49 | 135 | 2.97 [1.72; 5.12] |
| 28 | Getiye Y (2017) [29] | Addis Ababa | unmatched case control | 395 | – | – | – | 41 | 29 | 69 | 256 | 5.25 [3.04; 9.04] |
| 29 | Tilahun S (2008) [39] | Addis Ababa | unmatched case control | 343 | – | – | – | 27 | 27 | 93 | 196 | 2.11 [1.17; 3.79] |
| 30 | Tewabe T (2018) [37] | Amhara | Cross sectional | 391 |
43/391 (109.9) |
43/391 (109.9) |
– | – | – | – | – | |
| 31 | Haftu A (2018) [30] | Tigray | prospective cohort | 1103 |
55/1103 (49.9) |
25/1103 (22.7) |
30/1078 (27.8) |
– | – | – | – | – |
| 32 | Woldeamanuel B (2019) [42] | Mixed (EDHS) | Cross sectional | 2738 |
170/2738 (62.09) |
59/2738 (21.55) |
111/2679 (41.43) |
– | – | – | – | – |
| 33 | Berhe T (2019) [24] | Tigray | cross sectional | 570 |
21/570 (36.8) |
21/570 (36.8) |
– | – | – | – | – | |
| 34 | Worede D (2019) [43] | Amhara | unmatched case control | 420 | 49 | 98 | 35 | 238 | 3.4 [2.08; 5.57] |
National: Study conducted at national level (Ethiopia) like DHS
Mixed: when study considered data for more than one region in Ethiopia