Table 1.

Factors associated with under-nutrition, Alupe Sub-County Hospital, 2017^a

Variable	Category	Cases n = 79 (n/%)	Controls n = 236 (n/%)	OR	95% CI	P value
Residence	Urban	69 (87.3)	219 (92.7)	1.9	0.8–4.3	0.21
	Rural	10 (12.7)	17 (7.2)
ANC attendance	Yes	5 (6.3)	2 (< 1)	7.9	1.5–41.6	0.02
	No	74 (93.7)	234 (99.1)
Illness during pregnancy1	Yes	43 (54.4)	102 (43.2)	1.7	1.0–2.8	0.07
	No	33 (41.7)	129 (54.6)
Gestation	Pre-term	4 (5.1)	6 (2.5)	2.0	0.6–7.4	0.46
	Term	75 (94.9)	230 (97.5)
Low birth weight 2	Low	13 (16.5)	14 (5.9)	2.8	1.2–6.2	0.02
	Normal	57 (72.2)	169 (71.6)
Delayed developmental milestones	Delayed	11 (13.9)	2 (< 1)	18.9	4.1–87.5	< 0.001
	Normal	68 (86.1)	234 (99.1)
Deworming	Yes	49 (62.0)	163 (69.1)	0.7	0.4–1.2	0.31
	No	30 (38.0)	73 (30.9)
Pre-lacteal feeds 3	Yes	25 (31.6)	50 (21.2)	1.7	1.0–3.1	0.08
	No	53 (67.1)	185 (78.4)
Mother’s education level 4	None	11 (13.9)	18 (7.6)	2.0	0.9–4.4	0.14
	Other	67 (84.8)	218 (92.4)
Father’s education level 5	None	7 (8.9)	5 (2.1)	4.6	1.4–15.0	0.02
	Other	69 (87.3)	227 (96.2)
Average monthly income KES.	≥5000	25 (31.6)	96 (40.7)	0.7	0.4–1.2	0.20
	< 5000	54 (68.4)	140 (59.3)
Birth order	≥5	8 (10.1)	11 (4.7)	2.3	0.9–6.0	0.14
	< 5	71 (89.9)	225 (95.3)
Number of house occupants	≥6	41 (51.9)	88 (37.3)	1.8	1.1–3.0	0.03
	< 6	38 (48.1)	148 (62.7)

^a2 cases and 5 controls were brought by their guardians who did not know whether the child’s mother had any illness during pregnancy; 6 cases and 52 controls had high birth weight while 3 cases and 1 control were brought by guardians who did not know their birth weight; 1 case and 1 control had never been breastfed since birth (were on formula feeds); 1 case was brought by a guardian who did not know the mother’s educational level; 3 cases and 4 controls were brought by guardians who did not know the father’s education levels