Table 2.

Cognitive outcomes in CNSD users and non-users

Covariates	Bivariate Regression coef. (95% CI)	P value	Multiple model 1 Regression coef. (95% CI)	P value	Multiple model 2 Regression coef. (95% CI)	P value
							Primary outcome: Cognistat
Non-users/users	−4.98 (−7.60 to −2.36)	<0.001	−3.43 (−6.27 to −0.58)	0.017	−2.50 (−5.45 to −0.46)	0.097
HADS-total			−0.19 (−0.40 to 0.15)	0.068
CIRS-G					−0.77 (−1.22 to −0.14)	0.014
Secondary outcome: Clock
Non-users/users	−0.80 (−1.24 to −0.36)	<0.001	−0.72 (−1.21 to −0.24)	0.004	−0.78 (−1.29 to −0.27)	0.004
HADS-total			0.13 (−0.02 to 0.05)	0.491
CIRS-G					0.05 (−0.05 to 0.14)	0.366
Secondary outcome: MMSE
Non-users/users	−0.90 (−1.63 to −0.18)	0.015	−0.17 (−0.92 to 0.58)	0.661	−0.32 (−1.12 to 0.49)	0.473
HADS			−0.02 (−0.04 to 0.08)	0.457
CIRS-G					−0.04 (−0.20 to 0.11)	0.471
Secondary outcome: TMT- A
Non-users/users	12.2 (−7.40 to.31.9)	0.219	−4.68 (−15.2 to 24.6)	0.642	0.53 (−21.7 to 22.8)	0.962
HADS			−0.29 (−1.22 to 1.79)	0.706
CIRS-G					2.60 (−1.26 to 6.45)	0.185
Secondary outcome: TMT- B
Non-users/users	33.6 (−9.35 to 76.5)	0.124	24.7 (−21.4 to 70.8)	0.290	−5.67 (−54.0 to 42.6)	0.816
HADS			0.57 (−2.85 to 3.97)	0.743
CIRS-G					9.34 (1.26 to 17.4)	0.024

Linear regression with 95% CI. The Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination (Cognistat); Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE); Clock drawing test (Clock); Trail Making Test A and B (TMT A and B); Cumulative illness rating scale geriatrics (CIRS-G); and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Data is presented as regression coefficient and 95% CI with p value. The main covariates are: CIRS-G and HADS. All models are adjusted for confounders: age, gender and education.

CIRS-G, cumulative illness rating score geriatrics; CNSD, central nervous system depressant; HADS, hospital anxiety and depression scale; MMSE, mini-mental state examination; TMT, trail making test.