Khor 2010.
Study characteristics | |||
Patient Sampling | Cross‐sectional study. Participants aged 50 years or older were recruited from a non‐ophthalmic community clinic. Data from the right eye were included in the analysis. | ||
Patient characteristics and setting | Sample size: 1853 eyes (380 narrow angle and 1473 open angle). Age: mean (SD), 63.4±8.1, range 50‐93 years. Sex: 1103 (52.4%), female. Setting: community. Country: Singapore. Ethnicity: 1883 (89.5%) Chinese, 44 (2.1%) Malay, 154 (7.3%) Indian and 23 (1.1%) other. Exclusions: history of intraocular surgery or penetrating trauma, previous anterior segment laser treatment, or a history of glaucoma. |
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Index tests | AS‐OCT: time‐domain, Visante, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA. All four quadrants were examined. A subjective cut‐off was used whereby an occludable was defined by contact between the iris and angle wall anterior to the scleral spur in any quadrant. | ||
Target condition and reference standard(s) | Static gonioscopy; an occludable angle was defined as the posterior trabecular meshwork not being seen in the primary position without indentation (Scheie grade 3 or 4) in one or more quadrants (≥ 180 degrees). | ||
Flow and timing | There were 2104 participants originally studied; 251 (11.9%) eyes were uninterpretable as at least one of the quadrants could not be classified due to poor image quality on the AS‐OCT images. Data from 1853 eyes were included in the final analysis.The index test and reference standard were conducted on the same occasion. | ||
Comparative | |||
Notes | Conflict of interest: Carl Zeiss Meditec loaned the AS‐OCT for the study. Dr Aung has received financial support and honoraria for travel to conferences from Carl Zeiss Meditec. Patient characteristics: reported ethnicity and gender demographics was based on original 2104 participants recruited. Data reported compared a range of closed angles observed on gonioscopy and AS‐OCT. Data extracted for the review; occludable angle defined on gonioscopy at >= 90 degrees and a closed angle observed on AS‐OCT in one quadrant or more. |
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Methodological quality | |||
Item | Authors' judgement | Risk of bias | Applicability concerns |
DOMAIN 1: Patient Selection | |||
Was a consecutive or random sample of patients enrolled? | Yes | ||
Was a case‐control design avoided? | Yes | ||
Did the study avoid inappropriate exclusions? | Yes | ||
Could the selection of patients have introduced bias? | Low risk | ||
Are there concerns that the included patients and setting do not match the review question? | Low concern | ||
DOMAIN 2: Index Test (LACD) | |||
DOMAIN 2: Index Test (Scheimpflug photography) | |||
DOMAIN 2: Index Test (AS‐OCT) | |||
Were the index test results interpreted without knowledge of the results of the reference standard? | Yes | ||
If a threshold was used, was it pre‐specified? | Yes | ||
Could the conduct or interpretation of the index test have introduced bias? | Low risk | ||
Are there concerns that the index test, its conduct, or interpretation differ from the review question? | Low concern | ||
DOMAIN 2: Index Test (SPAC) | |||
DOMAIN 2: Index Test (Flashlight) | |||
DOMAIN 3: Reference Standard | |||
Is the reference standards likely to correctly classify the target condition? | Yes | ||
Were the reference standard results interpreted without knowledge of the results of the index tests? | Yes | ||
Could the reference standard, its conduct, or its interpretation have introduced bias? | Low risk | ||
Are there concerns that the target condition as defined by the reference standard does not match the question? | Low concern | ||
DOMAIN 4: Flow and Timing | |||
Was there an appropriate interval between index test and reference standard? | Yes | ||
Were all patients included in the analysis? | Yes | ||
Did all patients receive a reference standard | Yes | ||
Could the patient flow have introduced bias? | Low risk |