Table 3. Multivariate analysis of risk factors for nephrotoxicity.

Characteristic	OR	95% CI	P-value
CCr < 88.8 mL/min	0.41	0.29–0.60	P < 0.01*
Duration of therapy ≥ 10 days	2.32	1.60–3.36	P < 0.01*
Concomitant medications
Furosemide	2.54	1.75–3.68	P < 0.01*
Amphotericin B	3.43	1.29–9.11	P = 0.01*
Piperacillin–Tazobactam	3.36	2.22–5.06	P < 0.01*
Vasopressor drugs	2.78	1.75–4.41	P < 0.01*
Average VCM trough concentration ≥ 13 mg/L	3.60	2.49–5.20	P < 0.01*

Creatinine clearance: CCr, Vancomycin: VCM, Odds ratio: OR, 95% Confidence interval: 95% CI

*P-values ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant.