| Study | Comparison | Outcome | Int pre mean (SD) | Int post mean (SD) | C pre mean (SD) | C post mean (SD) | Post diff | Relative % change | SMD | P value |
| Kerry 2000* | A&F + ed mat | Number of x‐rays requested (spine) | 2655 | 2181 | 2171 | 2221 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| Oakeshott 1994 | Ed mat | X‐rays requested (spine) | 3.3 (3.7) | 1.7 (1.9) | 3.5 (3.5) | 3.1 (3.5) | 1.4 | 45.16 | 0.400 | <0.05 |
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