Verstappen 2003.

Methods	Type of targeted behaviour: modifying test ordering (various) Study design: cluster RCT (balanced incomplete block design) Country: The Netherlands
Participants	Setting: primary care 26 practices, 174 providers Condition: degenerative joint complaints (plus other conditions not relevant for this review, including cardiovascular disease/hypertension, upper/lower abdominal complaints, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, fatigue)
Interventions	1. Professional intervention (distribution of educational materials + audit and feedback + educational meetings) 2. Same intervention but for a different group of conditions Due to study design and that musculoskeletal conditions only included in one arm of trial, this study represented as multifaceted intervention vs a no‐intervention control
Outcomes	Professional practice: total number of requested diagnostic tests within 6 months; number of inappropriate tests ordered Patient level: none
Notes	Justification for intervention type: cite previous studies about effectiveness of multifaceted interventions Intervention fidelity: not reported
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Adequate sequence generation?	Low risk	From report: “...randomization was performed centrally with Duploran, a random number program”
Allocation concealment?	Low risk
Blinding? All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not reported
Incomplete outcome data addressed? All outcomes	Low risk	No missing outcome data
Free of selective reporting?	Unclear risk	Insufficient information provided
Free of other bias?	Low risk