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| Methods | Randomised controlled trial |
| Participants | 50 participants with low back pain for greater than 90 days |
| Interventions | Intervention (n = 25): pulsed ultrasound, stabilisation exercise, and Lofnac gel Control (n = 25): kneading massage, stabilisation exercise, and Lofnac gel |
| Outcomes | Pain intensity (VAS); back‐specific functional status (Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire) |
| Notes |
