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| Methods | Randomised controlled trial |
| Participants | 45 participants with chronic non‐specific low back pain, aged 30 to 40 years |
| Interventions | Intervention (n = 15): continuous ultrasound plus exercise Control (n = 15): laser photobiomodulation therapy plus exercise Control (n = 15): exercise |
| Outcomes | Pain intensity (VAS); back‐specific functional status (Modified Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire, Pain Disability Index); lumbar range of motion |
| Notes |
