Figure 6.

Possible strategies to inactivate TGF-β signaling and expected outcomes in VaD. Illustration of possible ways to inhibit aberrant TGF-β signaling pathways. The activities of TGF-β and TGF-β receptors can be neutralized using various recombinant antibodies or their translation can be blocked using specific set of antisense oligonucleotides. Different synthetic molecules that can inhibit the phosphorylation of the TGF-β RII and Smad2/3 are also indicated. The blockade of pathogenic TGF-β signaling has been expected to mitigate the cognitive deficits through inhibition of various neuropathogenic events and promotion of neuroregenerative plasticity in VaD.