Table 3.
Subgroup analyses on the association between beta blocker use and depression accounting for age, metabolic conditions, uncontrolled hypertension, antidepressant use, blood pressure and heart rate levels, with users of other classes and non-medicated as controls.
| Subgroup analysis for BB users (n) | CES-D ≥ 8 MORa; (95% confidence intervals); p value |
|---|---|
| Age (years) | |
| ≤74 (8021) | 1.45 (1.18–1.79); <0.01 |
| 75–84 (5562) | 1.29 (1.00–1.66); 0.05 |
| 85+ (609) | 1.04 (0.47–2.31); 0.92 |
| Gender | |
| Male (6272) | 1.30 (0.94–1.79); 0.10 |
| Female (7920) | 1.38 (1.15–1.66); <0.01 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |
| ≤25 (3251) | 1.73 (1.22–2.46); <0.01 |
| 25–30 (6226) | 1.27 (0.99–1.65); 0.06 |
| 30–35 (3263) | 1.54 (1.14–2.09); <0.01 |
| 35+ (1355) | 0.87 (0.55–1.36); 0.53 |
| Diabetes | |
| Yes (1790) | 1.30 (0.90–1.89); 0.16 |
| No (12,391) | 1.35 (1.14–1.62); <0.01 |
| Antidepressant use | |
| Yes (1624) | 1.44 (1.03–2.01); 0.03 |
| No (12,568) | 1.33 (1.11–1.60); <0.01 |
| Uncontrolled hypertensionb | |
| Yes (8986) | 1.34 (1.06–1.67); 0.01 |
| No (5206) | 1.36 (1.08–1.71); <0.01 |
| Abdominal circumference | |
| Normal (6033) | 1.46 (1.10–1.93); <0.01 |
| High (8021) | 1.31 (1.08–1.59); <0.01 |
| SBP levels (mmHg) | |
| ≤110 (292) | 0.98 (0.42–2.26); 0.96 |
| 111–140 (5135) | 1.39 (1.10–1.75); <0.01 |
| 141–160 (6670) | 1.35 (1.03–1.78); 0.03 |
| >160 (2098) | 1.29 (0.85–1.97); 0.22 |
| DBP levels (mmHg) | |
| ≤80 (8015) | 1.47 (1.20–1.79); <0.01 |
| 81–90 (4323) | 1.12 (0.80–1.57); 0.49 |
| 91–100 (1645) | 1.46 (0.87–2.44); 0.15 |
| >100 (212) | 1.43 (0.42–4.86); 0.56 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | |
| ≤60 (2424) | 1.38 (1.02–1.86); 0.03 |
| 61–70 (4972) | 1.26 (0.96–1.65); 0.09 |
| 71–90 (6117) | 1.48 (1.06–2.07); 0.02 |
| >90 (678) | 4.72 (1.52–14.7); <0.01 |
a
MOR model-adjusted odds ratio accounting for gender, living status, education, and smoking history (all significant at 0.05 level). Non-significant variables were excluded from multivariable models using a backward elimination method.
b
Defined as mean blood pressure (BP) of three measurements with systolic BP > 140 mmHg; and/or diastolic BP > 90 mmHg.