Table 4.
Examining the association of BB and depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥ 8), according to medication properties, with users of other classes and non-medicated as controls: (n = 14,195).
| Exposure (n)a | MORb and 95% CI | p value |
|---|---|---|
| Lipophilic BB (650) | 1.39; 1.10–1.75 | <0.01 |
| Hydrophilic BB (846) | 1.26; 1.03–1.56 | 0.02 |
| β1-selective (1276) | 1.31; 1.10–1.56 | <0.01 |
| Non-selective (276) | 1.52; 1.08–2.13 | 0.01 |
| Propranolol (144) | 1.56; 0.99–2.48 | 0.05 |
| Metoprolol (434) | 1.40; 1.06–1.84 | 0.01 |
| Atenolol (794) | 1.21; 0.98–1.51 | 0.07 |
BB’s were classified in subgroups according to properties following Poirier, 2014 [18] as follows:
Lipophilic BB’s: (i.e. pindolol, propranolol, timolol, and metoprolol)
Hydrophilic BB’s: (i.e. atenolol, carteolol, nadolol, sotalol, and labetalol)
Selective BB: (i.e. atenolol, bisoprolol, labetalol, metoproplol, and nebivolol)
N selective BB: (i.e. propranolol, carvedilol, nadolol, timolol, pindolol, and sotalol).
Accounting for gender, living status, education, and smoking history (all significant at 0.05 level). Non-significant variables were excluded from multivariable models using a backward elimination method.