Table 1.
Summary of Gamma-NFB induced changes in all variables over time.
| Baseline |
4 Weeks |
8 Weeks |
12 Weeks |
16 Weeks |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | M (SD) | N | M (SD) | N | M (SD) | N | M (SD) | N | M (SD) | |
| FGP-1 back | 26 | 0.39 (0.38) | 26 | 0.37 (0.18) | 21 | 0.42 (0.22) | 22 | 0.45 (0.19)** | 23 | 0.49 (0.31)* |
| FGP-2 back | 28 | 0.30 (0.12) | 26 | 0.37 (0.16)* | 22 | 0.49 (0.50) | 22 | 0.48 (0.22)** | 23 | 0.43 (0.24)* |
| 1-back | 31 | 52.4 (28.3) | 29 | 61.2 (29.1)† | 28 | 65.8 (26.2)** | 25 | 64.5 (26.6)** | 25 | 61.7 (26.5)† |
| 2-back | 31 | 43.4 (23.7) | 29 | 47.6 (27.1) | 28 | 51.8 (28.1)† | 25 | 51.3 (25.5)* | 24 | 50.6 (23.6)† |
| MCCB | 31 | 36.6 (8.2) | 30 | 38.8 (8.7)* | 28 | 39.4 (9.1)** | 25 | 39.8 (9.7)** | 25 | 39.5 (11.1)** |
| SoP | 31 | 32.0 (12.5) | 30 | 35.5 (14.0)* | 28 | 36.8 (16.3)* | 25 | 37.8 (14.5)* | 25 | 38.0 (19.3)** |
| AV | 29 | 31.2 (12.5) | 30 | 34.1 (13.6) | 28 | 32.6 (11.6) | 25 | 33.8 (14.4)* | 25 | 32.7 (14.4) |
| WM | 31 | 35.2 (12.7) | 30 | 36.5 (10.5) | 28 | 38.6 (13.4)* | 25 | 39.3 (14.4)* | 25 | 36.6 (14.8) |
| Verb Learn | 30 | 34.4 (8.6) | 30 | 34.4 (7.6) | 28 | 34.1 (6.7) | 25 | 33.2 (7.2) | 25 | 33.6 (8.9) |
| Vis Learn | 31 | 33.3 (12.8) | 30 | 40.1 (12.2)*** | 28 | 37.1 (14.2) | 25 | 38.2 (11.5)* | 25 | 38.9 (14.0)** |
| RPS | 31 | 44.8 (8.8) | 30 | 45.5 (9.9) | 28 | 46.7 (10.1)† | 25 | 47.6 (11.9) | 25 | 48.7 (11.0)* |
| PANSS Total | 31 | 85.7 (6.5) | – | – | 24 | 80.1 (7.7)*** | 23 | 80.4 (7.2)*** | ||
| PANSS Pos | 31 | 20.0 (2.5) | – | – | 24 | 18.7 (2.6)** | 23 | 19.0 (2.5)** | ||
| PANSS Neg | 31 | 23.5 (4.5) | – | – | 24 | 21.3 (3.9)*** | 23 | 21.6 (3.5)** | ||
| PANSS Gen | 31 | 42.3 (4.3) | – | – | 24 | 40.1 (4.3)*** | 23 | 39.9 (4.5)*** | ||
.* p < 0.1; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; †p < 0.10 for comparisons relative to baseline; FGP: Frontal gamma power; MCCB: MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery global T-score; SoP: Speed of Processing; AV: audiovisual; WM: Working memory; Verb Learn: Verbal learning; Vis Learn: Visual learning; RPS: Reasoning and problem solving; PANSS: Positive and Negative Symptom Scale; PANSS pos: positive symptom subscale; PANSS Neg: negative symptom subscale; PANSS gen: general symptom subscale.