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. 2020 Jul 23;11:1385. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01385

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Copyright © 2020 Warner, Nair, Marpadga, Chubinskaya, Doherty, Valdes and Scanzello.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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IL-15 effect on MMP-1, -3, and -9 release from human cartilage explants over 10 days in vitro. Articular cartilage explants were exposed to IL-15 (100/ml) in vitro for 10 days as described, and supernatants collected and replaced every 2 days. Explants exposed to TNF + OSM served as a positive control. MMP-1, -3, and -9 were measured in explant supernatants at each time point, and levels expressed as the percent of the total amount produced in 10 days in unstimulated control cultures (mean ± SD of 10 experiments). IL-15 increased release of (A) MMP-1 and (B) MMP-3 compared to unstimulated control explants (*p < 0.001, 2-way ANOVA). (C) No effect of IL-15 on MMP-9 release was observed. (D,E) The effects of IL-15 on (D) MMP-1 and (E) MMP-3 release was highly variable, with the most significant differences observed in explants from donors with early (grade 1) degenerative changes. (F) There was no release of MMP-9 in response to IL-15, regardless of explant grade.