Table 2.

Recent Top-Studied circRNAs in Pathogenic Hearts

Disease		circRNA Being Investigated	Parental Gene	Mechanism	Downstream Effect by Knockout	Downstream Effect by Expression	Ref.
Ischemic myocardial injury		circNCX1(circSlc8a1)	sodium/calcium exchanger 1 (NCX1)	miR-113a-3p sponge			78,79
		circFndc3b	fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 3B	FUS/VEGF-A axis		reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, enhanced neovascularization	81
Hypertrophy	heart failure	HRCR		miR-223 sponge		ARC pathway and reduced hypertrophy	82
Myocardial infarction		circRNA-MICRA		miR-150 sponge			62
		circRNA_081881		miR-548 sponge			83
Cardiac fibrosis		circRNA_000203		miR-26b-5p sponge			84
		circ-Amotl1		interacts with PDK1 and AKT1		nuclear translocation of AKP and AKT1, decreased apoptosis	85
Hypertrophy
Hypertrophy (mouse)		circSlc8a1	sodium/calcium exchanger 1 (NCX1)	miR-133a sponge	increased heart function, decreased left ventricular septal thickness, decreased cardiomyocyte width, decreased heart weight	increased heart weight	79
Cardiac senescence		circFoxo3		binds ID1, E2F1, HIF1a, FAK		decreased ID1, E2F1, HIF1a FAK nuclear translocation	86
Atherosclerosis		circANRIL		controls pre-rRNA maturation		protective factor	87
Myocardial infarction (mice)		circRNA-circNFIB		miR-433	attenuated fibroblast pro-proliferation	promoted fibroblast proliferation	88
Hypoxia-induced cardiac myocyte apoptosis, H9c2 cell		hsa_circ_0005972	BNIP3	miR-27a-3p sponge	reversed apoptosis		89
		hsa_circ_0020526
		hsa_circ_0020527
Cardiac fibrosis		mmu_circ_0001052	HIPK3	miR-29b-3p sponge	suppressed proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts, decreased fibrosis area	increased cardiac fibroblast proliferation	90