Table 3.

Room temperature catalytic dehydration of D-sorbitol using functionalized yttrium oxide nanomaterials.

Entrya	Catalyst	Solvent	Conversion (%)b	Yield of 1,4-sorbitan (%)c	Yield of isosorbide (%)d	TOF (h−1)e
1	H2SO4f	H2O	<20	18	1	1.49
2	C1	H2O	67	64	3	5.33
3		EtOH	62	60	2	4.99
4		H2O/EtOH	87	87	–	7.24
5		H2O/EtOH (80°C)	58	55	3	4.58
6	C2	H2O	66	66	–	5.49
7		EtOH	50	47	3	3.91
8		H2O/EtOH	76	76	–	6.33
9	C3	H2O	93	85	8	7.08
10		EtOH	67	64	3	5.33
11		H2O/EtOH	84	84	–	6.99
12		H2O/EtOH (80°C)	51	47	4	3.91
13	C4	H2O	48	48	–	3.99
14		EtOH	72	67	5	5.58
15		H2O/EtOH	94	92	2	7.66
16	C1g	H2O	29	29	–	2.41
17		EtOH	42	40	2	3.33
18		H2O/EtOH	86	86	–	7.16
19	C4g	H2O	68	58	10	4.83
20		EtOH	46	44	2	3.66
21		H2O/EtOH	86	86	–	7.16

^aCatalytic details as in Experimental Section.

^bConversion of D-sorbitol to both mono- and di-dehydrated products, determined by GC-MS (Section 6 in Supporting Information).

^cYield of 1,4-sorbitan based on original D-sorbitol, determined by GC-MS (Section 6 in Supporting Information).

^dYield of isosorbide based on original D-sorbitol, determined by GC-MS (Section 6 in Supporting Information).

^eTurnover frequency, mol_{mono−dehydratedproduct}$mo{l}_Y^{-1}$ (6 h)⁻¹, h⁻¹ as unit.

^fConcentrated H₂SO₄, 2 mol% H⁺ loading of conc. H₂SO₄ over substrate.