TABLE 1.
Demographic, angiographic, and hemodynamic characteristics of study participants.
| AV anastomotic angle |
Total | p-value | ||
| <46.5° | ≧46.5° | |||
| Patient number (n) | 16 | 11 | 27 | |
| Age (year) | 71.0 ± 10.4 | 71.2 ± 11.7 | 71.1 ± 10.7 | 0.972 |
| Male gender (n; %) | 11; 68.8 | 4; 36.6 | 15; 55.6 | 0.130 |
| Hemodialysis vintage (month) | 14.6 ± 10.9 | 14.0 ± 14.4 | 14.3 ± 12.1 | 0.902 |
| Time interval between AVF creation and angiography (month) | 13.8 ± 9.8 | 13.9 ± 12.2 | 13.8 ± 10.6 | 0.970 |
| Underlying renal diseases | ||||
| Diabetic nephropathy (n; %) | 7; 43.8 | 4; 36.4 | 11; 40.7 | 1.000 |
| Hypertensive nephropathy (n; %) | 5; 31.3 | 1; 9.1 | 6; 22.2 | 0.350 |
| Immune-mediated glomerulonephritis (n; %) | 1; 6.3 | 2; 18.2 | 3; 11.1 | 0.549 |
| Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis (n; %) | 1; 6.3 | 3; 27.3 | 4; 14.8 | 0.273 |
| Others (n; %) | 2; 12.5 | 1; 9.1 | 3; 11.1 | 1.000 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus (n; %) | 12; 75.0 | 8; 72.7 | 20; 74.1 | 1.000 |
| Hypertension (n; %) | 14; 87.5 | 9; 81.8 | 23; 85.2 | 1.000 |
| Coronary artery disease (n; %) | 9; 56.3 | 5; 45.5 | 14; 51.9 | 0.581 |
| Congestive heart failure (n; %) | 9; 56.3 | 2; 18.2 | 11; 40.7 | 0.109 |
| Prior stroke (n; %) | 2; 12.5 | 1; 9.1 | 3; 11.1 | 1.000 |
| Malignancy (n; %) | 2; 12.5 | 4; 36.4 | 6; 22.2 | 0.187 |
| Angiographic parameters | ||||
| AV anastomotic angle (°) | 37.3 ± 7.2 | 71.8 ± 21.5 | 51.3 ± 22.5 | <0.001* |
| Anastomosis-to-lesion distance (mm) | 25.0 ± 17.4 | 17.4 ± 10.1 | 21.9 ± 11.3 | 0.089 |
| Stenotic ratio of the lesion (%) | 54.4 ± 7.0 | 63.7 ± 12.4 | 58.2 ± 10.4 | 0.019 |
| Hemodynamic parameters at the stenotic lesion site | ||||
| Blood flow velocity (cm/sec) | 68.6 ± 16.7 | 94.5 ± 16.4 | 79.1 ± 20.8 | 0.001* |
| Reynolds number | 823.0 ± 200.1 | 1134.0 ± 196.9 | 949.7 ± 249.5 | 0.001* |
| Wall shear stress (N/m2) | 6.0 ± 4.5 | 9.1 ± 4.0 | 7.3 ± 4.5 | 0.074 |
| Blood flow disturbance (°) | 15.5 ± 13.4 | 52.8 ± 25.7 | 30.7 ± 26.6 | <0.001* |
Data were presented as mean ± SD or percentage as appropriate. P-values denote the significance of the difference between patients with <46.5 and >46.5° anastomosis angle. AV, arteriovenous; AVF, arteriovenous fistula; CFD, computational fluid dynamics. *p < 0.05.