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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2019 Nov;28(6):560–566. doi: 10.1097/MNH.0000000000000538

Table 1:

Biomarkers in various settings of AKI

Mechanism Biomarker Potential Clinical Application
Glomerular function Creatinine, Cystatin-C - Diagnosis of AKI
Tubular function FENa, furosemide stress test - Differentiation of HRS from ATN and pre-renal azotemia in cirrhosis
- Recovery from ATN
Tubular injury Urine microscopy, KIM-1, L-FABP, IGFBP7, TIMP-2, Uromodulin, NGAL - Early diagnosis of AKI
- Differential Diagnosis of ATN
- Diagnosis of subclinical AKI
Inflammation TNF-alpha, IL-9 - Diagnosis of AIN
Repair YKL-40 - Prognosis after AKI for long term outcomes