Table 1.
Characteristics of patients with different disease severity of COVID-19 on admission.
| Disease severity | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n = 2044) | Moderate (n = 1087) | Severe (n = 689) | Critical (n = 268) | p value | |
| Age, years | 62•0 (51•0–70•0) | 59•0 (46•0–67•0) | 64•0 (54•0–71•0) | 69•0 (62•0–77•0) | 0•0001 |
| ≥60 | 1177 (57•58%) | 538 (49•49%) | 424 (61•54%) | 215 (80•22%) | <0•001 |
| Sex | ‥ | ‥ | ‥ | ‥ | <0•001 |
| Female | 1044 (51•08%) | 612 (56•30%) | 340 (49•35%) | 92 (34•33%) | ‥ |
| Male | 1000 (48•92%) | 475 (43•70%) | 349 (50•65%) | 176 (65•67%) | ‥ |
| Presence of comorbidity | 1175/2039 (57•63%) | 540/1086 (49•72%) | 423/687 (61•57%) | 212/266 (79•70%) | <0•001 |
| Hypertension | 810/2039 (39•73%) | 3567/1086 (32•87%) | 304/687 (44•25%) | 149/266 (56•02%) | <0•001 |
| Diabetes | 341/2039 (16•72%) | 140/1086 (12•89%) | 141/687 (20•52%) | 60/266 (22•56%) | <0•001 |
| CHD | 199/2039 (9•76%) | 79/1086 (7•27%) | 74/687 (10•77%) | 46/266 (17•29%) | <0•001 |
| CLD | 78/2041 (3•82%) | 44/1086 (4•05%) | 22 (3•19%) | 12/266 (4•51%) | 0•538 |
| Tumor | 63/2039 (3•09%) | 25/1086 (2•30%) | 19/687 (2•77%) | 19/266 (7•14%) | <0•001 |
| CKD | 32/2039 (1•57%) | 14/1086 (1•29%) | 10/687 (1•46%) | 8/266 (3•01%) | 0•124 |
| COPD | 18/2039 (0•88%) | 3/1086 (0•28%) | 7/687 (1•02%) | 8/266 (3•01%) | <0•001 |
| Number of comorbidities | 1•0 (0•0–2•0) | 1•0 (0•0–1•0) | 1•0 (0•0–2•0) | 1•0 (1•0–2•0) | 0•0001 |
| Temperature, °C | 38•3 (37•5–39•0) | 38•0 (37•2–38•9) | 38•5 (37•8–39•0) | 38•3 (37•8–38•9) | 0•0001 |
| Fever ≥37•0 | 1644/2041 (80•55%) | 834/1086 (76•80%) | 589/688 (85•61%) | 221/267 (82•77%) | <0•001 |
| High fever ≥39•0 | 521/2027 (25•70%) | 243/1077 (22•56%) | 213/688 (30•96%) | 65/262 (24•81%) | <0•001 |
| Cough | 1487/2041 (72•86%) | 755/1086 (69•52%) | 517/688 (75•15%) | 215/267 (80•52%) | <0•001 |
| Dyspnea | 870/2041 (42•63%) | 351/1086 (32•32%) | 338/688 (49•13%) | 181/267 (67•79%) | <0•001 |
| Sputum | 805/2041 (39•44%) | 388/1086 (35•73%) | 302/688 (43•90%) | 115/267 (43•07%) | 0•001 |
| Fatigue | 736/2041 (36•06%) | 370/1086 (34•07%) | 258/688 (37•50%) | 108/267 (40•45%) | 0•095 |
| Diarrhea | 488/2041 (23•91%) | 231/1086 (21•27%) | 195/688 (28•34%) | 62/267 (23•22%) | 0•003 |
| Myalgia | 406/2041 (19•89%) | 227/1086 (20•90%) | 131/688 (19•04%) | 48/267 (17•98%) | 0•444 |
| Vomiting | 93/2041 (4•56%) | 46/1086 (4•24%) | 35/688 (5•09%) | 12/267 (4•49%) | 0•703 |
| Disorders of consciousness at admission | 63 (3•08%) | 4 (0•37%) | 6 (0•87%) | 53 (19•78%) | <0•001 |
| Respiratory rate, per min | 21•0 (20•0–24•0) | 20•0 (20•0–22•0) | 22•0 (20•0–24•0) | 29•0 (22•0–33•0) | 0•0001 |
| ≥24 | 525/2039 (25•75%) | 117/1086 (10•77%) | 223 (32•37%) | 185/264 (70•08%) | <0•001 |
| Mean arterial pressure, mmHg | 96•7 (88•7–105•7) | 96•7 (88•7–105•7) | 96•0 (88•7–105•0) | 97•0 (89•7–106•7) | 0•4391 |
| <70 | 20/2041 (0•98%) | 6/1085 (0•55%) | 6/688 (0•87%) | 8 (2•99%) | 0•001 |
| SpO2,% | 95•0 (92•0–97•0) | 96•0 (95•0–98•0) | 92•0 (90•0–95•0) | 86•0 (76•0–92•0) | 0•0001 |
| ≤93 | 562/2038 (27•58%) | 0/1084 (0•00%) | 352/687 (51•24%) | 210/267 (78•65%) | <0•001 |
| SOFA score at admission | 1•0 (0•0–2•0) | 0•0 (0•0–0•0) | 1•0 (1•0–2•0) | 5•0 (3•5–6•5) | 0•0001 |
| 0–1 | 594/1211 (49•05%) | 177/255 (69•41%) | 416/688 (60•47%) | 1/268 (0•37%) | <0•001 |
| 2–3 | 372/1211 (30•72%) | 69/255 (27•06%) | 237/688 (34•45%) | 66 /268(24•63%) | ‥ |
| ≥4 | 245/1211 (20•23%) | 9/255 (3•53%) | 35/688 (5•09%) | 201/268 (75•00%) | ‥ |
| Time from illness onset to hospital visit, days | 6•0 (3•0–11•0) | 7•0 (3•0–12•0) | 6•0 (3•0–9•0) | 5•0 (2•0–9•0) | 0•0001 |
| Time from illness onset to hospital admission, days | 12•0 (8•0–18•0) | 13•0 (8•0–20•0) | 11•0 (8•0–16•0) | 11•0 (7•0–16•0) | 0•0001 |
| Laboratory findings | |||||
| White blood cell count, × 109 per L | 5•7 (4•4–7•4) | 5•3 (4•2–6•7) | 5•6 (4•5–7•2) | 9•1 (6•3–12•9) | 0•0001 |
| >10 | 192/2042 (9•40%) | 28/1086 (2•58%) | 50 (7•26%) | 114/267 (42•70%) | <0•001 |
| Lymphocyte count, × 109 per L | 1•1 (0•8–1•6) | 1•4 (1•0–1•8) | 1•0 (0•7–1•4) | 0•6 (0•4–0•8) | 0•0001 |
| <0•8 | 555/2041 (27•19%) | 154/1085 (14•19%) | 214 (31•06%) | 187/267 (70•04%) | <0•001 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 126•0 (116•0–137•0) | 126•0 (116•0–137•0) | 126•0 (116•0–136•0) | 128•0 (115•0–143•0) | 0•3030 |
| Anemia | 392/2041 (19•21%) | 193/1085 (17•79%) | 132 (19•16%) | 67/267 (25•09%) | 0•025 |
| Platelet count, × 109 per L | 222•0 (167•0–291•5) | 229•0 (179•5–297•0) | 225•0 (170•0–296•0) | 165•5 (117•0–235•0) | 0•0001 |
| <100 | 96/2036 (4•72%) | 28/1084 (2•58%) | 18/686 (2•62%) | 50/266 (18•80%) | <0•001 |
| Alanine aminotransferase, U/L | 22•0 (14•5–37•0) | 20•0 (14•0–34•0) | 24•0 (15•0–41•0) | 27•5 (18•0–43•0) | 0•0001 |
| >40 | 446 (21•82%) | 198 (18•22%) | 173 (25•11%) | 75 (27•99%) | <0•001 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L | 25•0 (19•0–38•0) | 22•0 (18•0–31•0) | 28•0 (20•0–41•0) | 39•0 (27•5–59•0) | 0•0001 |
| >40 | 430/2036 (21•12%) | 130/1083 (12•00%) | 173/685 (25•26%) | 127 (47•39%) | <0•001 |
| Albumin, g/L | 35•5 (32•0–39•4) | 37•5 (34•3–40•9) | 34•2 (31•3–37•6) | 31•0 (27•9–34•0) | 0•0001 |
| ≤30 | 292/2041 (14•31%) | 64/1085 (5•90%) | 113/688 (16•42%) | 115 (42•91%) | <0•001 |
| Total bilirubin, μmol/L | 8•7 (6•5–12•1) | 8•0 (6•1–10•8) | 8•9 (6•6–12•3) | 12•1 (8•5–17•5) | 0•0001 |
| ≥20 | 97/2041 (4•75%) | 20/1085 (1•84%) | 30/688 (4•36%) | 47 (17•54%) | <0•001 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase, U/L | 262•0 (203•0–351•0) | 224•0 (187•0–283•0) | 290•0 (232•0–374•0) | 480•5 (371•0–634•0) | 0•0001 |
| ≥245 | 1156/2038 (56•72%) | 426/1086 (39•23%) | 478/686 (69•68%) | 252/266 (94•74%) | <0•001 |
| Blood urea nitrogen, mmol/L | 4•4 (3•4–5•8) | 4•1 (3•3–5•1) | 4•3 (3•3–5•5) | 8•0 (5•5–12•1) | 0•0001 |
| ≥10 | 144 (7•05%) | 20 (1•84%) | 31 (4•50%) | 93 (34•70%) | <0•001 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 68•0 (57•0–85•0) | 65•0 (56•0–80•0) | 69•0 (57•0–85•0) | 83•0 (66•0–109•0) | 0•0001 |
| ≥110 | 161 (7•88%) | 47 (4•32%) | 49 (7•11%) | 65 (24•25%) | <0•001 |
| Uric acid, μmol/L | 255•3 (196•2–332•0) | 259•0 (206•0–325•0) | 245•0 (187•0–309•0) | 263•0 (184•5–363•0) | 0•0006 |
| Prothrombin time, s | 13•8 (13•3–14•5) | 13•6 (13•1–14•1) | 13•9 (13•3–14•5) | 15•1 (14•1–16•6) | 0•0001 |
| ≥17 | 75/2007 (3•74%) | 9/1062 (0•85%) | 10/680 (1•47%) | 56/265 (21•13%) | <0•001 |
| Activated partial thromboplastin time, s | 38•8 (35•8–42•7) | 38•4 (35•7–41•9) | 39•3 (36•3–43•5) | 39•7 (35•9–45•4) | 0•0001 |
| ≥52 | 76/1839 (4•13%) | 23/994 (2•31%) | 24/615 (3•90%) | 29/230 (12•61%) | <0•001 |
| D-dimer, μg/mL | 0•73 (0•35–1•74) | 0•47 (0•26–1•05) | 0•89 (0•48–1•81) | 4•16 (1•39–21•00) | 0•0001 |
| >1 | 794/1969 (40•33%) | 274/1046 (26•20%) | 307/668 (45•96%) | 213/255 (83•53%) | <0•001 |
| High-sensitivity cardiac troponin I, pg/mL | 4•4 (1•9–10•6) | 2•7 (1•9–5•9) | 5•0 (2•5–11•7) | 29•1 (9•1–175•2) | 0•0001 |
| Male>34•2 Female>15•6 |
244/1725 (14•14%) | 40/914 (4•38%) | 68/584 (11•64%) | 136/227 (59•91%) | <0•001 |
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL | 119•0 (44•5–353•0) | 67•0 (29•0–169•0) | 146•0 (62•0–370•0) | 768•0 (291•5–2186•5) | 0•0001 |
| >450 | 330/1608 (20•52%) | 63/821 (7•67%) | 116/555 (20•90%) | 151/232 (65•09%) | <0•001 |
| C reactive protein, mg/L | 17•2 (2•5–64•8) | 5•1 (1•2–26•5) | 34•4 (6•6–79•6) | 98•2 (59•3–151•9) | 0•0001 |
| >10 | 1110/1936 (57•33%) | 404/1022 (39•53%) | 467/661 (70•65%) | 239/253 (94•47%) | <0•001 |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, mm/h | 32•0 (15•0–58•5) | 24•0 (11•0–47•0) | 40•0 (22•0–65•0) | 40•0 (22•0–67•0) | 0•0001 |
| Ferritin, ug/L | 554•7 (313•8–1067•3) | 421•5 (229•5–619•8) | 634•9 (354•1–1134•4) | 1353•2 (798•0–2162•4) | 0•0001 |
| >600 | 535/1159 (46•16%) | 155/561 (27•63%) | 219/407 (53•81%) | 161/191 (84•29%) | <0•001 |
| Procalcitonin, ng/mL | 0•06 (0•04–0•11) | 0•05 (0•03–0•06) | 0•06 (0•04–0•12) | 0•21 (0•11–0•67) | 0•0001 |
| ≥0•25 | 219/1749 (12•52%) | 28/896 (3•13%) | 71/595 (11•93%) | 120/258 (46•51%) | <0•001 |
| IL-2R | 570•0 (363•0–871•0) | 469•0 (318•0–673•0) | 615•0 (412•0–909•0) | 1098•0 (768•0–1565•0) | 0•0001 |
| >710 | 589/1654 (35•61%) | 186/862 (21•58%) | 234/577 (40•55%) | 169/215 (78•60%) | <0•001 |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 5•4 (2•0–22•5) | 3•3 (1•5–8•7) | 7•4 (2•6–26•4) | 54•9 (22•0–137•1) | 0•0001 |
| ≥7 | 750/1663 (45•10%) | 257/870 (29•54%) | 295/578 (51•04%) | 198/215 (92•09%) | <0•001 |
| ≥14 | 547/1663 (32•89%) | 156/870 (17•93%) | 213/578 (36•85%) | 178/215 (82•79%) | <0•001 |
| IL-8 | 10•7 (6•1–20•9) | 9•0 (5•6–15•8) | 10•8 (6•4–20•3) | 25•7 (13•8–55•5) | 0•0001 |
| ≥62 | 110/1653 (6•65%) | 34/862 (3•94%) | 29/576 (5•03%) | 47/215 (21•86%) | <0•001 |
| IL-10 | 5•0 (5•0–5•7) | 5•0 (5•0–5•0) | 5•0 (5•0–5•6) | 8•6 (5•0–14•9) | 0•0001 |
| TNF-α | 7•7 (5•8–10•3) | 7•2 (5•4–9•2) | 8•3 (5•9–10•8) | 11•1 (7•4–15•5) | 0•0001 |
| ≥8•1 | 762/1651 (46•15%) | 310/862 (35•96%) | 299/575 (52•00%) | 153/214 (71•50%) | <0•001 |
| Radiologic findings | |||||
| Bilateral pulmonary infiltration | 1833/1981 (92•53%) | 960/1077 (89•14%) | 655/680 (96•32%) | 218/224 (97•32%) | <0•001 |
| Ground-glass opacity | 1030/1903 (54•13%) | 557/1066 (52•25%) | 381/676 (56•36%) | 92/161 (57•14%) | 0•177 |
Data are median (IQR), n (%) or n/N (%). p values were calculated by Kruskal-Wallis test, χ² test or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate. CHD=coronary heart disease. CLD=chronic liver disease. CKD=chronic kidney disease. COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. SOFA=Sequential Organ Failure Assessment. NT-proBNP=N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide. IL-2R=interleukin-2 receptor. IL-6=interleukin-6. IL-8=interleukin-8. IL-10= interleukin-10. TNF-α=tumor necrosis factor-α.