Table 2.
Treatments and outcomes of patients with different disease severity
| Disease severity | |||||
| Total (n = 2044) | Moderate (n = 1087) | Severe (n = 689) | Critical (n = 268) | p value | |
| Treatments | |||||
| Antibiotics | 1618/2043 (79•20%) | 782 (71•94%) | 577 (83•74%) | 259/267 (97•00%) | <0•001 |
| Carbostyrl | 1469/2043 (71•90%) | 728 (66•97%) | 527 (76•49%) | 214/267 (80•15%) | <0•001 |
| Cephalosporin | 463/2043 (22•66%) | 162 (14•90%) | 166 (24•09%) | 135/267 (50•56%) | <0•001 |
| Broad-spectrum antibiotics | 233/2043 (11•40%) | 40 (3•68%) | 43 (6•24%) | 150/267 (56•18%) | <0•001 |
| Antiviral treatments | 1892 (92•56%) | 1022 (94•02%) | 650 (94•34%) | 220 (82•09%) | <0•001 |
| Arbidol hydrochloride | 1653 (80•87%) | 916 (84•27%) | 569 (82•58%) | 168 (62•69%) | <0•001 |
| Duration of use, days | 9•0 (6•0–12•0) | 9•0 (7•0–13•0) | 10•0 (6•0–12•0) | 5•0 (3•0–7•0) | 0•0001 |
| Oseltamivir | 605 (29•60%) | 354 (32•57%) | 202 (29•32%) | 49 (18•28%) | <0•001 |
| Duration of use, days | 6•0 (3•0–10•0) | 6•0 (4•0–10•0) | 6•0 (4•0–10•0) | 5•0 (2•0–7•0) | 0•0086 |
| Lopinavir/ritonavir | 422 (20•71%) | 216 (19•91%) | 159 (23•14%) | 47 (17•67%) | 0•111 |
| Duration of use, days | 8•0 (4•0–11•0) | 7•0 (4•0–10•0) | 9•0 (6•0–11•0) | 5•0 (2•0–9•0) | 0•0001 |
| Ribavirin | 191 (9•34%) | 98 (9•02%) | 60 (8•71%) | 33 (12•31%) | 0•196 |
| Duration of use, days | 5•0 (0•5–8•0) | 5•0 (0•0–8•0) | 5•0 (3•0–10•0) | 3•0 (1•5–4•5) | 0•0298 |
| Interferon | 215 (10•53%) | 107 (9•85%) | 68 (9•88%) | 40 (14•93%) | 0•042 |
| Duration of use, days | 3•0 (1•0–7•0) | 3•5 (1•0–7•0) | 3•5 (2•0–7•5) | 2•0 (1•0–3•0) | 0•0079 |
| Corticosteroids | 667 (32•63%) | 206 (18•95%) | 237 (34•40%) | 224 (83•58%) | <0•001 |
| Duration of use, days | 7•0 (4•0–12•0) | 8•0 (5•0–12•0) | 8•0 (5•0–13•0) | 5•0 (3•0–10•0) | 0•0001 |
| Intravenous immunoglobin | 468 (22•90%) | 176 (16•19%) | 144 (20•90%) | 148 (55•22%) | <0•001 |
| High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy | 75/1705 (4•40%) | 20/809 (2•47%) | 44/628 (7•01%) | 11 (4•10%) | <0•001 |
| Non-invasive mechanical ventilation | 117/1705 (6•86%) | 0/809 (0•00%) | 0/628 (0•00%) | 117 (43•66%) | < 0•001 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation/ECMO | 129/1705 (7•57%) | 0/809 (0•00%) | 1/628 (0•16%) | 128 (47•76%) | <0•001 |
| Outcomes | |||||
| The highest SOFA Score | 1•0 (0•0–2•0) | 0•0 (0•0–1•0) | 1•0 (1•0–2•0) | 14•0 (12•0–17•0) | 0•0001 |
| 0–1 | 1321 (64•63%) | 968 (89•05%) | 353 (51•23%) | 0 (0•00%) | <0•001 |
| 2–3 | 385 (18•84%) | 96 (8•83%) | 272 (39•48%) | 17 (6•34%) | ②‥ |
| ≥4 | 338 (16•54%) | 23 (2•12%) | 64 (9•29%) | 251 (93•66%) | ‥ |
| Acute liver injury | 773 (37•82%) | 330 (30•36%) | 301 (43•69%) | 142 (52•99%) | <0•001 |
| Sepsis | 711 (34•78%) | 110 (10•12%) | 333 (48•33%) | 268 (100•00%) | <0•001 |
| Hypoproteinaemia | 474/2041 (23•22%) | 103/1085 (9•49%) | 173/688 (25•15%) | 198 (73•88%) | <0•001 |
| ARDS | 446 (21•82%) | 29 (2•67%) | 149 (21•63%) | 268 (100•00%) | <0•001 |
| Acute cardiac injury | 309/1831 (16•88%) | 45/940 (4•79%) | 72/635 (11•34%) | 192/256 (75•00%) | <0•001 |
| Respiratory failure | 273 (13•36%) | 5 (0•46%) | 13 (1•89%) | 255 (95•15%) | <0•001 |
| Acute kidney injury | 250 (12•23%) | 63 (5•80%) | 59 (8•56%) | 128 (47•76%) | <0•001 |
| Coagulopathy | 243 (11•89%) | 42 (3•86%) | 45 (6•53%) | 156 (58•21%) | <0•001 |
| Septic shock | 242 (11•84%) | 4 (0•37%) | 8 (1•16%) | 230 (85•82%) | <0•001 |
| Admission to ICU | 163 (7•97%) | 5 (0•46%) | 3 (0•44%) | 155 (57•84%) | <0•001 |
| Heart failure | 134/2041 (6•57%) | 6/1086 (0•55%) | 7/688 (1•02%) | 121/267 (45•32%) | <0•001 |
| Secondary infection | 27 (1•32%) | 1 (0•09%) | 6 (0•87%) | 20 (7•46%) | <0•001 |
| Time from illness onset to ICU admission, days | 15•0 (11•0–22•0) | 25•0 (14•0–27•0) | 12•5 (12•0–13•0) | 15•0 (11•0–22•0) | 0•5010 |
| ICU length of stay, days | 7•0 (3•0–11•0) | 7•0 (1•0–12•0) | 13•0 (9•0–27•0) | 7•0 (3•0–11•0) | 0•1847 |
| Time from illness onset to death or discharge, days | 34•0 (26•0–42•0) | 34•0 (27•0–43•0) | 36•0 (29•0–43•0) | 24•0 (17•0–35•0) | 0•0001 |
| Hospital length of stay of survivors, days | 20•0 (14•0–28•0) | 18•0 (12•0–25•0) | 23•0 (17•0–30•0) | 32•0 (27•0–38•0) | 0•0001 |
| Hospital length of stay of non-survivors, days | 9•0 (5•0–16•0) | 8•0 (1•0–15•0) | 9•0 (8•0–13•5) | 9•0 (5•0–16•0) | 0•8011 |
| Duration of viral shedding after COVID-19 onset, days | 24•0 (19•0–31•0) | 24•0 (19•0–32•0) | 24•0 (19•0–30•0) | 23•0 (19•0–30•5) | 0•8407 |
| Non-survivors | 235 (11•50%) | 2 (0•18%) | 4 (0•58%) | 229 (85•45%) | <0•001 |
Data are median (IQR), n (%) or n/N (%). p values were calculated by Kruskal-Wallis test, χ² test or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate. ECMO=extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. SOFA=Sequential Organ Failure Assessment. ARDS=acute respiratory distress syndrome. ICU=intensive care unit. COVID-19=coronavirus disease 2019. Interferon, indicating Recombinant Human Interferon α−2b inhalation or Interferon α−1b inhalation.