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. 2020 May 19;45(5):409–420. doi: 10.1007/s00059-020-04935-x

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Ranges of clinical likelihood of CAD in which a given test can rule in (red) or rule out (green) obstructive CAD. The graph displays in red the range of clinical likelihood of CAD when a given test can rule in CAD when positive. The green part shows the range of clinical likelihood of CAD when a given test can rule out CAD when negative. The ideal range of clinical likelihood for a given test is when the red and green colors overlap and the test can simultaneously rule in and rule out CAD depending the test result. a Reference standard is anatomical assessment using ICA. b Reference standard is functional assessment using FFR. Note, in b, the data with stress echocardiography and SPECT are more limited than with the other techniques. The crosshairs mark the mean value and their 95% confidence intervals. CAD coronary artery disease, CMR cardiac magnetic resonance, CTA computed tomography angiography, ECG electrocardiogram, FFR fractional flow reserve, ICA invasive coronary angiography, PET positron emission tomography, SPECT single-photon emission computed tomography. (Reprinted by permission of Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology, www.escardio.org/Guidelines, from [1])