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. 2020 Jul 29;11:3785. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17654-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a All participants viewed a total of 40 images (30 negative and 10 neutral) in one block, and reported how they felt after each image on a nine-point scale from 1 (not at all negative) to 9 (very negative). b A mixed-factorial ANOVA (condition by picture type) was conducted followed-up by independent pairwise comparisons for relevant contrasts. All tests were two-tailed, and follow-up tests were not adjusted for multiple comparisons. Bars represent the mean self-report ratings calculated for condition (control group, n = 33, and non-deceptive placebo group, n = 29) per picture type (neutral and negative). Error bars represent ± 1 SEM. Dots represent mean values for each participant per picture type. There was a significant interaction between condition and picture type (p = 0.0008). Follow-up tests showed no difference in emotional distress ratings between the control group and non-deceptive placebo group for neutral pictures (p = 0.72); however, the non-deceptive placebo group, compared to the control group, reported less emotional distress when viewing negative pictures (p = 0.0002). No asterisk = not significant, ***p < 0.001.