Table 1.

A selection of reported changes in hippocampal volume, cortical thickness, and brain volume in a variety of diseases or conditions relative to healthy controls

Neuroanatomical Measure	Disease State/Condition	Reported Effect Size
Hippocampal volume	Temporal lobe epilepsy	10–33%14
	Alzheimer’s disease	22%30
	Mild cognitive impairment	14%30
	Stroke	19–32%31
	Depression	19%32
	Healthy aging (age 40 to 75)	16%33
Cortical thickness	Alzheimer’s disease	11.7% (.5 mm)34
	Mild cognitive impairment	3.7% (.16 mm)34
	Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder	1.9% (.09 mm)29
	Schizophrenia	3.5% (.09 mm)35
Brain volume	Chronic alcoholism	5.9%36
	Schizophrenia	1.5%37
	Childhood lead exposure	1.2%38
	Alzheimer’s disease	.98% per year15

All estimates in patient groups are reduced relative to healthy controls. Similarly, healthy aging is associated with reduced hippocampal volume between ages 45 and 60 and >75 years old. Percentage changes are either provided as reported or estimated from reported absolute values as $100\times -\left(\frac{{\overline{x}}_{\text{disease }}-{\overline{x}}_{\text{control }}}{{\overline{x}}_{\text{control }}}\right)$.