Table 1.
Exosome biomarkers for craniofacial and dental diseases
| Disease | Biofluid | Biomarker | Type | Methods | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Periodontitis | Saliva | CD9, CD81 | Protein | ELISA | 16 |
| Saliva | CA2, Histone H2A type 1, Ig kappa chain V-I region AU, HBG1, HIST1H2BJ HIST1H1D, CCL28, HIST1H1B, CPN2, C8A, PGLYRP2, SAA1, C1S, SELL, Ig kappa chain V-II region FR, BLVRB, C6, BPGM, CPB2, Ig heavy chain V-III region KOL, EHD2, Ig lambda chain V-II region TRO, MDK, APOL1, C8B, Ig lambda chain V-I region VOR | Protein | LC-MS/MS | 17 | |
| Saliva | PD-L1 | mRNA | qRT-PCR | 20 | |
| Saliva | hsa-miR-140-5p, hsa-miR-146a-5p, hsa-miR-628-5p | microRNA | qRT-PCR | 21 | |
| OLP | Saliva | miR-4484 | microRNA | MicroRNA microarray analysis, qRT-PCR | 26 |
| Plasma | miR-34a-5p | microRNA | MicroRNA microarray analysis, qRT-PCR | 27 | |
| Oral cancer | Oral fluid | CD81, CD9, CD63, total concentration, size | Protein | AFM, ELISA | 31 |
| Saliva | CD63, populations, morphologies, size | — | AFM | 32 | |
| Saliva | Spectral signature | — | FTIR, machine learning | 33 | |
| Plasma | CD63, CAV-1 | Protein | Immunocapture-based analysis | 34 | |
| Plasma | PF4V1, CXCL7, F13A1, ApoA1 | Protein | LC-MS/MS | 35 | |
| Plasma | PD-L1 | Protein | Flow cytometry | 36 | |
| Plasma | Laminin-332 | Protein | ELISA | 37 | |
| Saliva | mucin 5B, galectin-3-binding protein, immunoglobulin alpha-1 chain c region, prolactininducible protein, alpha-2-macroglobulin, haptoglobin alpha chain, pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase | Protein | LC-MS/MS | 38 | |
| Plasma | hsa-miR-19a, hsa-miR-512-3p, hsa-miR-27b, hsa-miR-20a, hsa-miR-28-3p, hsa-miR-200c, hsa-miR-151-3p, hsa-miR-223, hsa-miR-20b, hsa-miR-22, hsa-miR-516-3p, hsa-miR-370, hsa-miR-139-5p, hsa-let-7e, hsa-miR-145-3p, hsa-miR-30c | microRNA | MicroRNA microarray analysis, qRT-PCR | 39 | |
| Saliva | miR-302b-3p, miR-517b-3p, miR-512-3p, miR-412-3p | microRNA | MicroRNA microarray analysis | 40 | |
| Saliva | miR-24-3p | microRNA | MicroRNA microarray analysis | 41 | |
| Sjögren's syndrome | Saliva | hsa-miR-150, hsa-miR-23a, hsa-miR-27b, hsa-miR-29b, hsa-miR-29c, hsa-miR-335, hsa-miR-379, hsa-miR-433, hsa-miR-454, hsa-miR-483-3p, hsa-miR-584, hsa-miR-621, hsa-miR-652, hsa-miR-760, hsa-miR-888, miRPIus_17824, miRPIus_17841, miRPIus_17848, miRPIus_17858 | microRNAs | MicroRNA microarray analysis | 44 |
| Saliva | HLA, S100A9, HLA-B, CAT, LY6D, TYROBP, DEFA1, RHOA, GNA13, SLPI, ANXA6, SIRPA, NCF1B, WDR1, MUC5AC, ARPC1B, LSP1, LV302, CD59, FCER1G, RP2, LCN2, HVCN1, KV312, GPI, PTPRJ, HLA-A, SNAP23, HV102, BASP1, APMAP, GNAI3, RAB5C, ICAM3, CA4, MUC2, HIDE, PTPRC, SLC6A14, ACTN1, PPP1CA, CD9, SPRR1A, CALM1,FERMT3, BSG, CNP, UBA52, TLN1, CAPZB, CORO1A, DSTN, SLC9A3R2, KV303, SIGLEC5, OLFM4, GNB2 ARRB2, PGLYRP1, NCF2 | Protein | LC-MS | 45 | |
| Tear | CPNE1, CALM | Protein | LC-MS | 45 |
LC‐MS/MS: liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; ELISA,:enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; OLP: oral lichen planus; AFM: atomic force microscopy; FTIR: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; LC-MS: liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.