Table 5.

Model 1: Direct and Indirect Effects of SES on Reading and Math Scores

Effect	Std. Beta	CI (low)	CI (high)	Mediation Ratio
Direct (SES->Reading)	0.49	0.34	0.60	0.76
SES->EF->Reading	0.11	0.04	0.23	0.17
SES->Verbal->Reading	0.04	−0.03	0.13	0.07
Total (SES->Reading)	0.65	0.56	0.71	—
	—	—	—	—
Direct (SES->Math)	0.40	0.25	0.54	0.70
SES->EF->Math	0.21	0.10	0.34	0.37
SES->Verbal->Math	−0.04	−0.14	0.04	−0.08
Total (SES->Math)	0.57	0.49	0.63	—

Note. SES = Socioeconomic Status. Verbal = Verbal Fluency. EF = Executive Function. CI (low) and CI (high) represent the lower and upper bounds of the bias-corrected bootstrap confidence intervals (95% CIs), based on 5000 draws with replacement; effects are deemed significant if the CI does not include zero. Mediation Ratio was calculated by dividing the effect estimate (Beta) by the total SES-to-achievement effect.