Table 7.
Model 2: Direct and Indirect Effects of SES on Reading and Math Scores
| Effect | Std. Beta | CI (low) | CI (high) | Mediation Ratio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direct (SES->Reading) | 0.52 | 0.40 | 0.63 | 0.80 |
| SES->Verbal->Reading | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.12 |
| SES->VWM->Reading | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.07 |
| SES->SWM->Reading | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| SES->Planning->Reading | 0.01 | −0.02 | 0.04 | 0.01 |
| SES->Inhibition->Reading | 0.00 | −0.03 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| Total (SES->Reading) | 0.65 | 0.57 | 0.72 | — |
| — | — | — | — | |
| Direct (SES->Math) | 0.45 | 0.33 | 0.57 | 0.79 |
| SES->Verbal->Math | 0.03 | −0.04 | 0.09 | 0.04 |
| SES->VWM->Math | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.11 |
| SES->SWM->Math | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01 |
| SES->Planning->Math | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.05 |
| SES->Inhibition->Math | 0.00 | −0.03 | 0.02 | −0.01 |
| Total (SES->Math) | 0.57 | 0.48 | 0.65 | — |
Note. SES = Socioeconomic Status. Verbal = Verbal Fluency. VWM = Verbal Working Memory. SWM = Spatial Working Memory. CI (low) and CI (high) represent the lower and upper bounds of the bias-corrected bootstrap confidence intervals (95% CIs), based on 5000 draws with replacement; effects are deemed significant if the CI does not include zero. Mediation Ratio was calculated by dividing the effect estimate (Beta) by the total SES-to-achievement effect.