Figure 4.

Distinct microbiota taxa in patients with PSC-IBD. [a] Phylum level differences in the three cohorts—UC and PSC-IBD are characterised by a relative expansion of Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria and reduction of Bacteroidetes compared with HC; [b] microbial taxa comparing PSC-IBD and UC. Association of specific microbiota taxa with PSC-UC and UC by linear discriminant analysis [LDA] effect size [LEfSe]. Red indicates taxa enriched in PSC-IBD and green indicates taxa enriched in UC; [c] Cladogram representation of the gut microbial taxa associated with PSC-IBD and UC. PSC-IBD is associated with an increased abundance of bacteria expressing bile salt hydrolase and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases [such as Bacteroides fragilis, Roseburia spp, Shewanella spp.,and Clostridium ramosum] in comparison with UC. PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; UC, ulcerative colitis.