Table 5. Association between severity of disability and cardiovascular death.
| Age | Disability | Number | Death | Duration (PY) | Mortality rate | Crude | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | aHR (95% CI) | aHR (95% CI) | aHR (95% CI) | ||||||
| Total | All | 514,679 | 7,317 | 5,572,130 | 1.313 | ||||
| Normal | 508,984 | 7,066 | 5,538,444 | 1.275 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Mild | 1,421 | 110 | 11,821 | 9.305 | 7.543 (6.248–9.106) | 2.908 (2.407–3.513) | 2.905 (2.403–3.512) | 3.182 (2.217–4.567) | |
| Severe | 4,325 | 141 | 21,864 | 6.449 | 5.426 (4.592–6.411) | 1.586 (1.341–1.876) | 1.613 (1.364–1.907) | 1.729 (1.285–2.327) | |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Men | All | 278,962 | 4,401 | 3,023,155 | 1.456 | ||||
| Normal | 275,223 | 4,213 | 3,000,112 | 1.404 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Mild | 976 | 84 | 8,052 | 10.432 | 7.618 (6.138–9.456) | 3.011 (2.424–3.740) | 3.032 (2.441–3.765) | 3.402 (2.369–4.885) | |
| Severe | 2,765 | 106 | 14,992 | 7.071 | 5.316 (4.386–6.447) | 1.688 (1.390–2.049) | 1.717 (1.414–2.084) | 1.718 (1.258–2.345) | |
| Women | All | 235,715 | 2,914 | 2,548,975 | 1.143 | ||||
| Normal | 233,710 | 2,853 | 2,538,332 | 1.124 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Mild | 445 | 26 | 3,770 | 6.897 | 6.384 (4.339–9.393) | 2.927 (1.989–4.307) | 2.810 (1.895–4.167) | N/A | |
| Severe | 1,560 | 35 | 6,873 | 5.092 | 4.987 (3.572–6.961) | 1.444 (1.034–2.017) | 1.451 (1.039–2.027) | 1.790 (0.661–4.849) | |
| Age | |||||||||
| <50 | All | 225,584 | 604 | 2,891,255 | 0.208 | ||||
| Normal | 225,153 | 597 | 2,885,899 | 0.206 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Mild | 215 | 6 | 2,638 | 1.022 | 11.092 (4.963–24.788) | 9.064 (4.053–20.269) | 8.166 (3.648–18.278) | 6.250 (1.553–25.152) | |
| Severe | 216 | 1 | 2,718 | 0.368 | 1.788 (0.251–12.715) | 1.470 (0.207–10.458) | 1.404 (0.197–9.988) | 2.539 (0.356–18.090) | |
| 50–64 | All | 122,759 | 2,022 | 1,490,703 | 1.356 | ||||
| Normal | 122,007 | 1,977 | 1,482,544 | 1.334 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Mild | 319 | 22 | 3,310 | 6.646 | 5.089 (3.343–7.747) | 3.407 (2.237–5.190) | 2.946 (1.915–4.534) | 3.459 (1.641–7.289) | |
| Severe | 433 | 23 | 4,848 | 4.744 | 3.594 (2.383–5.422) | 2.269 (1.503–3.426) | 2.263 (1.499–3.416) | 2.550 (1.320–4.925) | |
| ≥65 | All | 166,336 | 4,691 | 1,190,170 | 3.941 | ||||
| Normal | 161,773 | 4,492 | 1,169,999 | 1.839 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Mild | 887 | 82 | 5,873 | 13.962 | 3.670 (2.950–4.566) | 2.688 (2.159–3.346) | 2.720 (2.185–3.386) | 2.709 (1.756–4.178) | |
| Severe | 3,676 | 117 | 14,298 | 6.827 | 2.277 (1.895–2.735) | 1.489 (1.238–1.791) | 1.497 (1.245–1.801) | 1.483 (1.057–2.081) | |
| Health behavior | |||||||||
| Current smoker | All | 112,900 | 1,997 | 1,287,632 | 1.549 | ||||
| Normal | 111,930 | 1,947 | 1,280,774 | 1.519 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Mild | 240 | 23 | 2,209 | 10.411 | 6.935 (4.597–10.462) | 2.931 (1.941–4.425) | 3.017 (1.998–4.556) | 2.985 (1.687–5.281) | |
| Severe | 730 | 27 | 4,648 | 5.809 | 3.965 (2.711–5.797) | 1.121 (0.765–1.642) | 1.162 (0.793–1.702) | 1.270 (0.761–2.120) | |
| At-risk drinking | All | 71,686 | 1,162 | 792,527 | 1.466 | ||||
| Normal | 71,221 | 1,128 | 788,186 | 1.431 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Mild | 140 | 11 | 1,367 | 8.049 | 5.719 (3.158–10.257) | 2.430 (1.340–4.405) | 2.473 (1.364–4.484) | 2.610 (1.439–4.732) | |
| Severe | 325 | 23 | 2,976 | 7.730 | 5.546 (3.670–8.381) | 1.592 (1.050–2.413) | 1.653 (1.091–2.506) | 1.526 (0.988–2.358) | |
| Chronic disease | |||||||||
| Hypertension | All | 287,221 | 5,668 | 2,953,874 | 1.919 | ||||
| Normal | 283,234 | 5,476 | 2,931,258 | 1.868 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Mild | 971 | 83 | 7,730 | 10.737 | 5.974 (4.810–7.421) | 2.858 (2.300–3.553) | 2.825 (2.274–3.516) | 3.169 (2.098–4.787) | |
| Severe | 3,016 | 109 | 14,886 | 7.322 | 4.216 (3.487–5.096) | 1.593 (1.317–1.928) | 1.601 (1.323–1.938) | 1.779 (1.282–2.469) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | All | 64,008 | 1,565 | 581,109 | 2.693 | ||||
| Normal | 62,743 | 1,504 | 574,888 | 2.616 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Mild | 346 | 30 | 2,485 | 12.070 | 4.812 (3.352–6.908) | 3.390 (2.361–4.868) | 3.280 (2.271–4.739) | 2.951 (1.319–6.602) | |
| Severe | 919 | 31 | 3,736 | 8.298 | 3.071 (2.878–3.277) | 1.725 (1.206–2.466) | 1.697 (1.187–2.427) | 2.450 (1.375–4.366) | |
| Dyslipidemia | All | 81,303 | 1,262 | 806,647 | 1.565 | ||||
| Normal | 80,253 | 1,228 | 801,370 | 1.532 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Mild | 231 | 16 | 1,851 | 8.644 | 5.819 (3.553–9.529) | 2.640 (1.610–4.329) | 2.631 (1.604–4.314) | 3.146 (1.171–8.448) | |
| Severe | 819 | 18 | 3,427 | 5.253 | 3.745 (2.351–5.966) | 1.541 (0.966–2.458) | 1.583 (0.992–2.526) | 0.984 (0.314–3.081) |
Model 1: sex and age
Model 2: Model 1 + hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia
Model 3: Model 2 + BMI, cigarette smoking, and at-risk alcohol drinking
For subgroup analysis, we used the model without variable of stratification. For example, we used model 1 without sex in model 1 of subgroup analysis for sex
N/A: not applicable due to high missing rate, CI: confidence interval, PY: person-year, HR: hazard ratio