Table 2. Clinical characteristics depending on the status of fatty liver.
| Variable | All | No fatty liver | De novo fatty liver | Stable fatty liver | Worsened fatty liver | P | Fatty liver progression* (-) | Fatty liver progression* (+) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 911) | (N = 364) | (N = 287) | (N = 135) | (N = 125) | |||||
| (N = 499) | (N = 412) | ||||||||
| Treatment modality | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
| Control | 296 | 159 (53.72%) | 67 (22.64%) | 52 (17.57%) | 18 (6.07%) | 211 (71.29%) | 85 (28.71%) | ||
| Aromatase inhibitor | 199 | 73 (36.68%) | 55 (27.64%) | 41 (20.60%) | 30 (15.08%) | 114 (57.28%) | 85 (42.72%) | ||
| Tamoxifen | 416 | 132 (31.73%) | 165 (39.66%) | 42 (10.10%) | 77 (18.51%) | 174 (41.83%) | 242 (58.17%) | ||
| Age (year) | 50.13 ± 10.32 | 49.65 ± 10.69 | 49.70 ± 10.40 | 52.58 ± 10.30 | 49.84 ± 8.64 | 0.018 | 50.44 ± 10.66 | 49.75 ± 9.89 | 0.306 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.17 ± 3.62 | 23.03 ± 3.15 | 24.06 ± 3.25 | 25.38 ± 3.92 | 26.47 ± 3.93 | <0.001 | 23.67 ± 3.53 | 24.79 ± 3.64 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 70 (7.68%) | 18 (4.95%) | 18 (6.27%) | 18 (13.33%) | 16 (12.80%) | 0.002 | 36 (7.21%) | 34 (8.25%) | 0.645 |
| Hypertension | 176 (19.32%) | 55 (15.11%) | 52 (18.12%) | 33 (24.44%) | 36 (28.80%) | 0.003 | 88 (17.64%) | 88 (21.36%) | 0.183 |
| Treatment duration (month) | 49.04 ± 21.85 | 44.48 ± 20.83 | 48.57 ± 18.57 | 60.01 ± 28.09 | 51.55 ± 19.64 | <0.001 | 48.68 ± 24.01 | 49.48 ± 18.92 | 0.075 |
| Cancer-related factor | |||||||||
| Stage | 0.460 | 0.062a | |||||||
| 0 | 71 (7.79%) | 26 (7.14%) | 27 (9.41%) | 5 (3.70%) | 13 (10.40%) | 31 (6.21%) | 40 (9.71%) | ||
| 1 | 386 (42.37%) | 171 (46.98%) | 110 (38.33%) | 60 (44.44%) | 45 (36.00%) | 231 (46.29%) | 155 (37.62%) | ||
| 2 | 372 (40.83%) | 138 (37.91%) | 121 (42.16%) | 57 (42.22%) | 56 (44.80%) | 195 (39.08%) | 177 (42.96%) | ||
| 3 | 74 (8.12%) | 26 (7.14%) | 26 (9.06%) | 12 (8.89%) | 10 (8.00%) | 38 (7.62%) | 36 (8.74%) | ||
| 4 | 8 (0.88%) | 3 (0.82%) | 3 (1.05%) | 1 (0.74%) | 1 (0.80%) | 4 (0.80%) | 4 (0.97%) | ||
| Pathology | 0.099 | ||||||||
| Invasive ductal carcinoma | 757 (83.10%) | 312 (85.71%) | 229 (79.79%) | 117 (86.67%) | 99 (79.20%) | 0.101 | |||
| Ductal carcinoma in situ | 73 (8.01%) | 27 (7.42%) | 26 (9.06%) | 6 (4.44%) | 14 (11.20%) | 429 (85.97%) | 328 (79.61%) | ||
| Mucinous carcinoma | 24 (2.63%) | 6 (1.65%) | 11 (3.83%) | 4 (2.96%) | 3 (2.40%) | 33 (6.61%) | 40 (9.71%) | ||
| Infiltrating lobular carcinoma | 27 (2.96%) | 13 (3.57%) | 11 (3.83%) | 3 (2.22%) | 0 (0%) | 10 (2.00%) | 14 (3.40%) | ||
| Intraductal papilloma | 13 (1.43%) | 1 (0.27%) | 7 (2.44%) | 1 (0.74%) | 4 (3.20%) | 16 (3.21%) | 11 (2.67%) | ||
| Tubular carcinoma | 2 (0.22%) | 1 (0.27%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.80%) | 2 (0.40%) | 11 (2.67%) | ||
| Apocrine carcinoma | 2 (0.22%) | 1 (0.27%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.80%) | 1 (0.20%) | 1 (0.24%) | ||
| Squamous carcinoma | 2 (0.22%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.35%) | 1 (0.74%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.20%) | 1 (0.24%) | ||
| Medullary carcinoma | 5 (0.55%) | 1 (0.27%) | 2 (0.70%) | 1 (0.74%) | 1 (0.80%) | 1 (0.20%) | 1 (0.24%) | ||
| Others | 6 (0.66%) | 2 (0.55%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (1.48%) | 2 (1.60%) | 2 (0.40%) | 3 (0.73%) | ||
| Lymph node metastasis | 284 (31.17%) | 104 (28.57%) | 96 (33.45%) | 47 (34.81%) | 37 (29.60%) | 0.420 | 151 (30.26%) | 133 (32.28%) | 0.559 |
| ER (Intermediate or High) | 614 (67.70%) | 230 (63.19%) | 208 (73.24%) | 82 (61.19%) | 94 (75.20%) | 0.004 | 312 (62.65%) | 302 (73.84%) | <0.001 |
| PR (Intermediate or High) | 555 (61.19%) | 200 (54.95%) | 192 (67.61%) | 70 (52.24%) | 93 (74.40%) | <0.001 | 270 (54.22%) | 285 (69.68%) | <0.001 |
| HER2 (Intermediate or High) | 340 (37.32%) | 134 (36.81%) | 111 (38.68%) | 39 (28.89%) | 56 (44.80%) | 0.061 | 173 (34.67%) | 167 (40.53%) | 0.080 |
| p53 | 328 (41.41%) | 135 (42.86%) | 97 (39.75%) | 55 (45.08%) | 41 (36.94%) | 0.544 | 190 (43.48%) | 138 (38.87%) | 0.216 |
| Ki67 (≥ 40%) | 124 (15.31%) | 58 (17.85%) | 33 (13.10%) | 22 (18.03%) | 11 (9.91%) | 0.124 | 80 (17.90%) | 44 (12.12%) | 0.030 |
| Laboratory test | |||||||||
| Initial | |||||||||
| FSH (IU/L) | 37.38 ± 30.15 | 37.01 ± 31.61 | 33.93 ± 28.73 | 43.40 ± 29.05 | 39.98 ± 28.98 | 0.048 | 38.65 ± 31.07 | 35.74 ± 28.89 | 0.416 |
| Platelet (103 mm3) | 238.66 ± 72.70 | 237.47 ± 73.38 | 241.26 ± 74.23 | 233.10 ± 71.58 | 242.18 ± 68.66 | 0.562 | 236.29 ± 72.85 | 241.54 ± 72.51 | 0.216 |
| AST (U/L) | 23.85 ± 13.53 | 21.79 ± 9.42 | 22.43 ± 9.37 | 26.08 ± 17.47 | 30.73 ± 21.92 | <0.001 | 22.95 ± 12.27 | 24.95 ± 14.86 | 0.033 |
| ALT (U/L) | 22.17 ± 16.86 | 18.39 ± 13.70 | 20.43 ± 12.38 | 27.13 ± 21.14 | 31.80 ± 23.05 | <0.001 | 20.75 ± 16.49 | 23.88 ± 17.16 | <0.001 |
| Serum albumin (mg/dL) | 4.20 ± 0.45 | 4.22 ± 0.46 | 4.14 ± 0.47 | 4.23 ± 0.44 | 4.23 ± 0.38 | 0.092 | 4.22 ± 0.45 | 4.17 ± 0.45 | 0.040 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.59 ± 0.33 | 0.60 ± 0.27 | 0.56 ± 0.27 | 0.64 ± 0.57 | 0.58 ± 0.25 | 0.081 | 0.61 ± 0.38 | 0.56 ± 0.26 | 0.024 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 185.16 ± 35.97 | 182.03 ± 37.16 | 183.82 ± 34.51 | 193.00 ± 36.18 | 188.87 ± 34.33 | 0.006 | 185.00 ± 37.18 | 185.35 ± 34.50 | 0.884 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 132.95 ± 96.18 | 109.55 ± 64.12 | 132.42 ± 90.74 | 144.71 ± 82.52 | 185.90 ± 156.16 | <0.001 | 119.58 ± 71.52 | 148.85 ± 117.20 | <0.001 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 53.40 ± 13.41 | 54.86 ± 13.91 | 54.02 ± 13.85 | 52.64 ± 12.87 | 48.47 ± 9.98 | <0.001 | 54.30 ± 13.67 | 52.36 ± 13.05 | 0.059 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 107.32 ± 32.39 | 105.79 ± 31.31 | 104.31 ± 30.29 | 113.44 ± 34.13 | 113.38 ± 37.54 | 0.039 | 107.68 ± 32.16 | 106.89 ± 32.72 | 0.743 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 110.07 ± 28.42 | 107.40 ± 25.31 | 109.61 ± 30.42 | 112.27 ± 31.95 | 116.58 ± 27.28 | 0.001 | 108.72 ± 27.32 | 111.72 ± 29.64 | 0.043 |
| BARD | 1.95 ± 0.77 | 1.96 ± 0.62 | 1.95 ± 0.74 | 1.93 ± 0.94 | 1.95 ± 1.01 | 0.930 | 1.95 ± 0.72 | 1.95 ± 0.83 | 0.984 |
| NFS | -1.04 ± 1.31 | -1.05 ± 1.30 | -1.06 ± 1.35 | -0.93 ± 1.30 | -1.10 ± 1.25 | 0.589 | -1.01 ± 1.30 | -1.07 ± 1.32 | 0.393 |
| FIB-4 | 1.27 ± 1.03 | 1.26 ± 0.72 | 1.24 ± 1.23 | 1.38 ± 1.43 | 1.26 ± 0.82 | 0.332 | 1.29 ± 0.96 | 1.25 ± 1.12 | 0.083 |
| ALT elevation | <0.001 | 0.461 | |||||||
| No | 524 (57.52%) | 224 (61.54%) | 187 (65.16%) | 69 (51.11%) | 44 (35.20%) | 293 (58.72%) | 231 (56.07%) | ||
| Yes | 387 (42.48%) | 140 (38.46%) | 100 (34.84%) | 66 (48.89%) | 81 (64.80%) | 206 (41.28%) | 181 (43.93%) |
Data are reported as means and standard deviation (SD) (mean ± SD) for continuous variables and frequency (percentage) for categorical variables. Proportions are presented as percentages for categorical variables. P-values were computed by one-way ANOVA or Student’s t-test for continuous variables and chi-squares test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables as appropriate (a, computed by Fisher’s exact test).
Abbreviations: ER, estrogen receptor; PR, progesterone receptor; HER2, Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; FSH, follicle stimulating hormone; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NFS, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score; FIB-4, fibrosis-4.
* Definition of fatty liver progression is increased grade of fatty liver according to abdominal ultrasound or decreasing liver attenuation index value on non-contrast computed tomography.