Table 4. Summary of genetic determinants of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in C. jejuni recovered from beef, chicken, lamb and pork collected at retail outlets in the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria, 2017–2019.
No. of AMR genes and mutations (%a) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β-lactam | Tetracycline | Quinolone | Macrolide | ||||||||||
Source | blaOXA-184 | blaOXA-185 | blaOXA-449 | blaOXA-460 | blaOXA-466 | blaOXA-61 | blaOXA-61 G57T | blaOXA-624 | blaOXA-625 | blaOXA-631 | tet(O) | gyrA T86I | 23 rRNA A2075G |
Beef (n = 25) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 24 (96.0) | 1 (4.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (8.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Chicken meat (n = 156) | 3 (1.9) | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.6) | 6 (3.9) | 110 (70.5) | 15 (9.6) | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.6) | 29 (18.6) | 18 (11.5) | 0 (0.0) |
Chicken offal (n = 41) | 1 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 31 (75.6) | 1 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (9.8) | 3 (7.3) | 0 (0.0) |
Lamb (n = 47) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 46 (97.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Pork (n = 16) | 1 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 14 (87.5) | 3 (18.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (25.0) | 4 (25.0) | 1 (6.3) |
Total (n = 285) | 5 (1.8) | 1 (0.4) | 2 (0.7) | 1 (0.4) | 6 (2.1) | 225 (79.0)b | 20 (7.0) | 1 (0.4) | 2 (0.7) | 1 (0.4) | 38 (13.3) | 27 (9.5) | 1 (0.4) |
aValues represent the percentage of C. jejuni isolates with the respective AMR gene or point mutation from each source.
b20/225 have an active promotor, inferring these isolates are phenotypically sensitive to ampicillin.