Table 3. Prevalence of crAssphage and human norovirus on environmental surfaces on 5 cruise ships with norovirus outbreaks .
| Sampled objects† | CrAssphage |
Norovirus |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. positive/total no. (%) | Concentration* (range) | No. positive/total no. (%) | Concentration* (range) | ||
| Cabins of norovirus-positive patients | |||||
| Toilet seatsP | 11/16 (68.5) | 3.3 (1.2–5.6) | 9/16 (56.3) | 5.5 (3.1–7.4) | |
| Toilet door handlesM | 7/16 (43.75) | 2.3 (1.0–3.1) | 5/16 (31.3) | 5.1 (3.7–5.7) | |
| Telephone handlesP | 9/16 (56.4) | 2.4 (1.7–3.5) | 3/16 (18.8) | 4.9 (4.9–5.5) | |
| Remote control surfacesP | 14/16 (87.5) | 2.6 (1.4–4.1) | 5/16 (31.3) | 3.6 (2.9–5.1) | |
| Cabin door handlesM | 6/16 (37.5) | 2.0 (0.8–3.4) | 6/16 (37.5) | 4.4 (3.1–6.0) | |
| Overall |
47/80 (58.8) |
2.5 (0.8–5.6) |
|
29/80 (36.3) |
4.8 (3.1–7.4) |
| Public area (passenger area) | |||||
| ATM buttonsP | 2/3 (66.6) | 2.8 (2.4–3.4) | 1/3 (33.3) | 1.8 | |
| Menu folderL | 2/5 (40) | 1.9(1.7–2.1) | 1/5 (20.0) | 4.9 | |
| Condiment containersM | 2/5 (40) | 2.2(2.1–2.3) | 0/5 (0) | ||
| Buffet utensilsM | 1/2 (50) | 1.6 | 0/2 (0) | ||
| Ice cream handleP | 1/4 (25.0) | 2.2 | 0/3 (0) | ||
| Casino chipsP | 3/5 (60) | 2.7 (2.1–2.8) | 0/5 (0) | ||
| Medical center clipboardsP | 3/5 (60) | 2.3 (2.1–2.5) | 1/5 (20) | 5.1 | |
| Gift shop register touch screensP | 3/5 (60) | 3.0 (2.7–3.0) | 0/5 (0) | ||
| Youth center toysP | 2/4 (50.0) | 2.1 (2.1–2.2) | 0/4 (0) | ||
| Atrium hand railsW | 2/5 (40.0) | 3.0 (2.1–3.9) | 1/5 (20) | 4.1 | |
| Internet café keyboardsP | 3/5 (60) | 1.8(1.8–2.5) | 0/5 (0) | ||
| Wheelchair handle restsP | 2/5 (25) | 2.9 (2.0–3.8) | 0/5 (0) | ||
| Hand contact surfaces exposed to public vomiting incidentM | 2/4 (50) | 3.2 (2.8–3.5) | 1/4 (25) | 4.3 | |
| Toilet seat surfaces in public rest roomP | 3/3 (100) | 4.7 (2.4–4.7) | 0/3 (0) | 0 | |
| Overall |
21/64 (51.5) |
2.4 (1.6–3.2) |
|
5/64 (7.8) |
3.3 (1.8–5.1) |
| Public area (crew area) | |||||
| Time clock machinesP | 3/5 (60) | 2.2 (2.1–2.5) | 0/5 (0) | ||
| Edges of trolley for dirty linensP | 5/5 (100) | 2.3 (1.8–3.2) | 0/5 (0) | ||
| Elevator buttons in food service areasP | 3/5 (60) | 2.3 (2.1–3.1) | 0/5 (0) | ||
| Computer keyboardP | 2/5 (40) | 2.3 (2.0–2.5) | 0/5 (0) | ||
| Countertop surfaces in crew smoking roomW | 2/5 (40) | 2.3(2.1–2.5) | 0/5 (0) | ||
| Overall | 15/25 (60) | 2.3 (1.8–3.2) | 0/25 (0) | ||
1log10 genomic copies per sampled object. 2Each superscripted character indicates surface material of sampled object as follows: P, plastic; M, metal; W, wood; and L, leather.