Table 2. Results from a multivariable mixed effect logistic regression model assessing the association between a range of categorical animal, owner, practitioner and practice-related factors and the probability of prescribing a systemic antimicrobial for dogs, United Kingdom, 2014–2016*.
| Category | β | SE | OR (95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | ||||
| England | −0.08 | 0.08 | 0.93 (0.80–1.08) | NA |
| Scotland | −0.06 | 0.09 | 0.94 (0.79–1.12) | NA |
| Wales |
−0.13 |
0.09 |
0.88 (0.73–1.05) |
NA |
| Categorical factors | ||||
| Initial complaint | ||||
| Gastroenteric | NA | NA | Referent | NA |
| Kidney disease | −0.38 | 0.06 | 0.68 (0.61–0.76) | <0.01 |
| Other unwell | −0.94 | 0.02 | 0.39 (0.38–0.40) | <0.01 |
| Pruritus | −0.68 | 0.02 | 0.51 (0.49–0.53) | <0.01 |
| Respiratory | 0.10 | 0.03 | 1.11 (1.06–1.17) | <0.01 |
| Trauma | −0.89 | 0.02 | 0.41 (0.40–0.43) | <0.01 |
| Tumor | −1.18 | 0.03 | 0.31 (0.29–0.32) | <0.01 |
| Neuter status | ||||
| Not neutered | NA | NA | Referent | NA |
| Neutered | −0.11 | 0.01 | 0.90 (0.88–0.92) | <0.01 |
| Sex | ||||
| F | NA | NA | Referent | NA |
| M | −0.03 | 0.01 | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | 0.01 |
| Vaccination status | ||||
| Not vaccinated | NA | NA | Referent | NA |
| Vaccinated | −0.08 | 0.01 | 0.93 (0.90–0.95) | <0.01 |
| Insurance status | ||||
| Not insured | NA | NA | Referent | NA |
| Insured | −0.14 | 0.02 | 0.87 (0.84–0.90) | <0.01 |
| Genetic breed group (29) | ||||
| Retriever | NA | NA | Referent | NA |
| Ancient/spitz | 0.25 | 0.05 | 1.28 (1.17–1.40) | <0.01 |
| Crossbreed | 0.06 | 0.02 | 1.06 (1.03–1.10) | <0.01 |
| Herding | 0.14 | 0.03 | 1.15 (1.09–1.22) | <0.01 |
| Mastiff-like | 0.15 | 0.02 | 1.16 (1.11–1.21) | <0.01 |
| Scent hound | 0.10 | 0.04 | 1.11 (1.03–1.19) | <0.01 |
| Sight hound | 0.31 | 0.04 | 1.36 (1.25–1.48) | <0.01 |
| Small terrier | 0.16 | 0.02 | 1.18 (1.13–1.22) | <0.01 |
| Spaniel | 0.16 | 0.02 | 1.17 (1.13–1.22) | <0.01 |
| Toy | −0.00 | 0.03 | 1.00 (0.94–1.05) | 0.92 |
| Unclassified | 0.11 | 0.02 | 1.12 (1.07–1.16) | <0.01 |
| Unknown | 0.09 | 0.05 | 1.09 (0.99–1.21) | 0.075 |
| Working dog | 0.19 | 0.03 | 1.21 (1.15–1.27) | <0.01 |
| Practice type | ||||
| Companion animal | NA | NA | Referent | NA |
| Mixed | 0.14 | 0.07 | 1.15 (1.01–1.30) | 0.04 |
| Companion and equine | −0.05 | 0.15 | 0.95 (0.71–1.27) | 0.73 |
| Companion and large | 0.13 | 0.14 | 1.14 (0.86–1.50) | 0.37 |
| Accreditation status | ||||
| None | NA | NA | Referent | NA |
| >1 accredited site | −0.24 | 0.08 | 0.79 (0.68–0.92) | <0.01 |
| Referral interest | ||||
| No | NA | NA | Referent | NA |
| Yes |
−0.10 |
0.05 |
0.91 (0.82–1.00) |
0.06 |
| Continuous factors | ||||
| Age | ||||
| Linear | −1.12 | 0.01 | 0.89 (0.87–0.91) | <0.01 |
| Quadratic | −0.09 | 0.01 | 0.92 (0.90–0.93) | <0.01 |
| Cubic | 0.05 | 0.01 | 1.05 (1.04–1.07) | <0.01 |
| Interaction terms | ||||
| Insurance status (insured) and age | ||||
| Linear age interaction | 0.08 | 0.02 | 1.09 (1.04–1.14) | <0.01 |
| Quadratic age interaction | 0.03 | 0.01 | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) | 0.03 |
| Cubic age interaction | −0.03 | 0.01 | 0.97 (0.95–1.00) | 0.02 |
*n = 72,436/281,543 sick consultations. Random effect variance (± SD): animal 0.57 (± 0.76), site 0.05 (0.23), practice 0.06 (0.24). Boldface indicates significance (p<0.05). NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio.