Table 3.

Associations between hyperprogressive disease and clinicopathological features

Clinical parameter	N, studies	N, patients	Overall OR	95% CI	I2 (%)	Significance (P)	Egger P
Age ≥ 65 years vs < 65 years	2	593	0.818	0.490–1.364	0	0.441	NA
Male vs female	5	783	0.812	0.556–1.185	4.3	0.280	0.743
Ever smoker vs nerver smoker	5	774	0.955	0.641–1.423	0.5	0.823	0.106
ECOG > 1 vs ≤ 1	4	965	1.524	1.009–2.301	0	0.045	0.471
RMH ≥ 2 vs < 2	2	332	4.556	2.424–8.561	0	< 0.001	NA
Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio ≤ 3 vs > 3	3	680	0.595	0.265–1.334	73.5	0.208	0.747
Serum lactate dehydrogenase > upper normal limit	3	493	2.285	1.360–3.839	24.2	0.002	0.606
No. of metastasis > 2 vs ≤ 2	5	1054	2.231	1.321–3.767	50	0.003	0.339
Liver metastasis	3	602	3.173	1.920–5.244	0	< 0.001	0.109
PD-1 vs PD-L1	4	930	1.497	0.875–2.561	0	0.141	0.946
PD-L1 positive	5	546	0.776	0.499–1.205	0	0.259	0.460
Monotherapy vs combination	2	557	0.511	0.033–7.898	83.3	0.631	NA
Previous treatment lines > 2	4	856	0.741	0.394–1.393	70.5	0.352	0.923
Squamous	5	1143	0.832	0.587–1.179	0	0.301	0.828
EGFR mutation	5	928	0.956	0.537–1.705	0	0.880	0.148
KRAS mutation	3	487	0.992	0.535–1.840	0	0.980	0.502
ALK rearrangement	3	660	2.860	0.652–12.547	0	0.164	0.151

Abbreviations:CI Confidence interval, ECOG Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, HPD hyperprogressive disease, NSCLC non-small-cell lung cancer, OR odds ratio, PD-1 programmed death-1, PD-L1 programmed death ligand-1, RMH Royal Marsden Hospital