Table 3.

Pathological characteristics

Parameters	TVSE (n = 45)	LAP (n = 45)	p value
Tumor size, cm (mean ± SD)	3.5 ± 1.3	3.6 ± 1.2	0.595
Proximal margin, cm (mean ± SD)	12.4 ± 8.6	11.6 ± 8.3	0.568
Distal margin, cm (mean ± SD)	3.8 ± 1.5	4.2 ± 2.3	0.326
Retrieved lymph node, n (mean ± SD)	15.9 ± 5.3	14.8 ± 4.7	0.360
Positive lymph node, n (mean ± SD)	1.1 ± 2.6	1.1 ± 2.7	1.000
Histologic differentiation, n (%)			0.950
Well	10 (22.2)	9 (20)
Moderate	32 (71.1)	34 (75.6)
Poor	3 (6.7)	2 (4.4)
TNM stage, n (%)			0.857
I	10 (22.2)	12 (26.6)
II	15 (33.4)	15 (33.4)
III	20 (44.4)	18 (40)

TVSE totally robotic anterior resection with transanal specimen extraction, LAP robotic anterior resection with minilaparotomy, SD standard deviation