Table 2.
Characteristic of Plasmodium mixed infections.
| No. (ref.) | Authors | Microscopy | RDTs | PCR results | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positivity | Plasmodium spp. | Blood collection methods | Manufacturers | Antigen | WHO product testing | False positive (%) Plasmodium spp. infection in clean-negative samples | Number of mixed infections | Types of mixed infections | Number of mixed infections | Types of mixed infections | ||
| 1. Ref.26 | Alam et al., 2011 | 3 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | Venipuncture | Onsite Pf/Pv (CTK Biotech Inc, USA) | pf-HRP2/Pv-pLDH | Round 2 | 0 | 5 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | 8 | P. falciparum/P. vivax (8) |
| FalciVax Pf (Zephyr Biomedicals, India) | pf-HRP2/Pv-pLDH | Round 2 | 4.5 | 2 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | |||||||
| 2. Ref.27 | Ashton et al., 2010 | 9 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | Finger prick | CareStart (Access Bio, Inc., USA) | pf-HRP2/pan-pLDH | Round 1 | 3.0 | 320 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | ||
| ParaScreen (Zephyr Biomedicals, India) | pf-HRP2/pan-pLDH | Round 1 | 1.2 | 336 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | |||||||
| ICT Combo (ICT Diagnostics, South Africa) | pf-HRP2/pan-aldolase | Round 1 | 0.6 | 338 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | |||||||
| 3. Ref.28 | Berzosa et al., 2018 | 0 | Finger prick | NADAL Malaria 4 species test (Test cassette) (Nal von Minden, Germany) | pf-HRP2/pan-pLDH | Not found in WHO product testing records | Not found in WHO product testing records | 212 | Not specified | 15 | Not specified | |
| 4. Ref.19 | Bouyou et al., 2014 | 1 | P. falciparum/P. malariae | Venipuncture | SD BIOLINE Malaria Ag -Pf/Pan (Standard Diagnostics Inc., Republic of Korea) | pf-HRP2/pan-pLDH | Round 4 | 1.3 | 1 | P. falciparum/P. malariae | ||
| 5. Ref.48 | Chanie et al., 2011 | 2 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | Finger prick | CareStart Malaria Pf/Pv Combo test (Access Bio, Inc., USA) | pf-HRP2/Pv-pLDH | Round 2 | 0 | 4 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | ||
| 6. Ref.29 | Edwards et al., 2015 | SD BIOLINE Malaria Ag P.f/P.v (Standard Diagnostics Inc., Republic of Korea) | pf-HRP2/Pv-pLDH | Round 4 | 2.8 | 2 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | 20 | P. falciparum/P. vivax (19), P. vivax/P. malariae (1) | |||
| 7. Ref.21 | Ehtesham et al., 2015 | 2 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | Venipuncture | First Response Malaria Antigen pLDH/HRP2 Combo (Premier Medical, India) | pf-HRP2/pan-pLDH | Round 2 | 0 | 14 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | 12 | P. falciparum/P. vivax |
| CareStart Malaria HRP-2/pLDH (Pf/pan) Combo (Access Bio, Inc., USA) | pf-HRP2/pan-pLDH | Round 1 | 0 | 12 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | |||||||
| CareStart Malaria HRP2/pLDH(Pf/Pv) Combo (Access Bio, Inc., USA) | pf-HRP2/Pv-pLDH | Round 2 | 0 | 7 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | |||||||
| 8. Ref.30 | Endeshaw et al., 2010 | 84 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | Finger prick | ParascreenPan/Pf (Zephyr Biomedicalsystems, India) | pf-HRP2/pan-pLDH | Not assessed | Not assessed | 75 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | ||
| 9. Ref.31 | Feleke et al., 2017 | 5 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | Venipuncture | CareStart Malaria HRP2/pLDH (Pf/PAN) Combo (Access Bio, Inc., USA) | pf-HRP2/pan-pLDH | Round 5 | 0.4 | 5 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | ||
| 10. Ref.45 | Getnet et al., 2015 | CareStart Malaria HRP2/pLDH (Pf/PAN) Combo (Access Bio, Inc., USA) | pf-HRP2/pan-pLDH | Round 5 | 0.4 | 14 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | 6 | P. falciparum/P. vivax (5), P. vivax/P. malariae (1), | |||
| 11. Ref.32 | Haanshuus et al., 2016 | ParaHIT-Total Ver. 1.0 Device 55IC204-10 (Span Diagnostics Ltd, India) | pf-HRP2/pan-aldolase | Round 4 | 0 | 27 | P. falciparum/Pan | 30 | P. falciparum/P. vivax (27), P. falciparum/P. malariae (2), P. vivax/P. malariae (1), | |||
| 12. Ref.33 | Imwong et al., 2015 | 0 | Venipuncture | SD BIOLINE Malaria Ag P.f/Pan POCT (Standard Diagnostics Inc., Republic of Korea) | pf-HRP2/pan-pLDH | Round 5 | 0 | 8 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | 56 | P. falciparum/P. vivax (56) | |
| 13. Ref.34 | Iqbal et al., 2001 | 12 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | Not specified | OptiMAL (Pf-pLDH/pan-pLDH) (Biorad, France) | Pf-LDH/pan-pLDH | Not assessed | Not assessed | 8 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | ||
| 14. Ref.46 | Iqbal et al., 2002 | 24 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | Finger prick | ICT Malaria Pf/Pv (ICT Diagnostics, Australia) | pf-HRP2/Pv-pLDH | Not assessed | Not assessed | 12 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | ||
| OptiMAL (Biorad, France) | Pf/Pv -pLDH | Not assessed | Not assessed | 18 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | |||||||
| 15. Ref.35 | Jahan et al., 2019 | 39 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | Finger prick | First response Malaria Ag, pLDH/HRP2 Combo Card test kit (Premier Medical Corporation Ltd.) | pf-HRP2/pan-pLDH | Round 5 | 0 | 39 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | 0 | |
| 16. Ref.47 | Khorashad et al., 2014 | 5 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | Finger prick | Malaria 102 (p.f/p.v) POCT kits (InTec Products Inc., China) | pf-HRP2/pan-pLDH | Not found in WHO product testing records | Not found in WHO product testing records | 5 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | ||
| 17. Ref.36 | Kim et al., 2008 | 0 | Venipuncture | OptiMAL (Biorad, France) | Pf-LDH/pan-pLDH | Not assessed | Not assessed | 3 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | 3 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | |
| SD Malaria Antigen Pf/Pv (Standard Diagnostics Inc., Republic of Korea) | pf-HRP2/Pv-pLDH | Not assessed | Not assessed | 3 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | |||||||
| 18. Ref.37 | Li et al., 2016 | Malaria Pv/Pf Test Device, Tycolpharm Co., Limited, UK) | pf-HRP2/Pv-pLDH | Not found in WHO product testing records | Not found in WHO product testing records | 1 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | 3 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | |||
| 19. Ref.49 | Meena et al., 2009 | 2 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | Finger prick | FalciVax (Orchid Biomedical Laboratories, India) | pf-HRP2/Pv-pLDH | Not assessed | Not assessed | 1 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | ||
| 20. Ref.44 | Mehlotra et al., 2019 | 0 | Finger prick | SD BIOLINE Malaria Ag P.f/Pan (Standard Diagnostics Inc., Republic of Korea) | pf-HRP2/pan-pLDH | Round 5 | 0 | 372 | P. falciparum/Pan | 24 | P. falciparum/P. vivax (13), P. falciparum/P. malariae (5), P. falciparum/P. ovale (1), P. malariae/P. ovale (2), P. falciparum/P. malariae/P. ovale (3), | |
| 21. Ref.38 | Moges et al., 2012 | 6 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | Finger prick | CareStart Malaria HRP2/pLDH (Pf/pan) (Access Bio, Inc., USA) | pf-HRP2/pan-pLDH | Round 1 | 3.0 | 26 | P. falciparum/Pan | ||
| 22. Ref.39 | Ranjan P. and Ghoshal U, 2016 | 0 | Venipuncture | Not reported | Not reported | – | – | 3 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | 3 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | |
| 23. Ref.40 | Ratnawati et al., 2008 | 22 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | Not specified | Rapid One-Step Malaria test (Arista Biologicals Inc., USA) | pf-HRP2/pan-pLDH | Not assessed | Not assessed | 22 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | ||
| 24. Ref.41 | Richter et al., 2004 | 4 | P. falciparum/P. ovale (3), P. falciparum/P. malariae (1) | Not specified | The Now Malaria test (Binax, Inc., USA) | pf-HRP2/pan-aldolase | Not assessed | Not assessed | 4 | P. falciparum/P. ovale (3), P. falciparum/P. malariae (1) | ||
| 25. Ref.50 | Sharew et al., 2009 | 10 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | Not specified | CareStart Malaria Pf/Pv Combo test (Access Bio, Inc., USA) | pf-HRP2/Pv-pLDH | Round 2 | 0.5 | 10 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | ||
| 26. Ref.51 | van den Broek et al., 2006 | 7 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | Finger prick | Optimal-IT (Diamed AG, Switzerland) | Pf-LDH/pan-pLDH | Not assessed | Not assessed | 7 | P. falciparum/Pan | ||
| NOW Malaria ICT (Binax, USA) | pf-HRP2/pan-aldolase | Not assessed | Not assessed | 8 | P. falciparum/Pan | |||||||
| 27. Ref.42 | Woyessa et al., 2013 | 5 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | Not specified | CareStart Malaria Pf/Pv combo test (Access Bio, Inc., USA) | pf-HRP2/Pv-pLDH | Round 4 | 0 | 14 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | ||
| 28. Ref.43 | Yan et al., 2013 | 11 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | Finger prick | Wondfo One Step Malaria HRP2/pLDH (P.f/Pan) Test | pf-HRP2/pan-pLDH | Round 1 | 0 | 33 | P. falciparum/Pan | 21 | P. falciparum/P. vivax |
| Malaria Pv/Pf test device (Tycolpharm Co., Limited, UK) | pf-HRP2/Pv-pLDH | Not found in WHO product testing records | Not found in WHO product testing records | 8 | P. falciparum/P. vivax | |||||||