Table 2:
General characteristics of the study participants (N=433)
| Variable | Cases (n=109) n (%) |
Healthy controls (n=324) n (%) |
p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age in months* | 14 (7 – 26) | 15 (7 – 26) | 0.761 |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 66 (60.6) | 187 (57.7) | |
| Female | 43 (39.4) | 137 (42.3) | 0.603 |
| Completed vaccination** | |||
| Yes | 93 (86.9) | 304 (94.1) | |
| No | 14 (13.1) | 19 (5.9) | 0.015 |
| Number of doses of PCV and Hib vaccines | |||
| 1st PCV and Hib | 91 (97.9) | 263 (99.6) | 0.107 |
| 2nd PCV and Hib | 89 (98.0) | 252 (99.2) | 0.777 |
| 3rd PCV and Hib | 86 (98.9) | 210 (96.3) | 0.240 |
| WAZ score | |||
| Underweight | 22 (20.6) | 21 (6.8) | |
| Normal | 85 (79.4) | 288 (93.2) | < 0.001 |
| Exclusive breastfeeding | |||
| Yes | 37 (35.2) | 162 (51.4) | |
| No | 68 (64.8) | 153 (48.6) | 0.004 |
| Prior antibiotic use** | |||
| Yes | 8 (7.3) | 39 (12.7) | |
| No | 101 (92.7) | 267 (87.3) | 0.126 |
| Attending day-care/school** | |||
| Yes | 13(12.2) | 20(6.5) | |
| No | 94(87.8) | 287(93.5) | 0.064 |
| Cooking fuel | |||
| Clean | 31 (29.0) | 140 (44.0) | |
| Unclean | 76 (71.0) | 170 (56.0) | 0.006 |
| Other children under 5 years of age | |||
| 0 | 71 (65.7) | 234 (73.6) | |
| ≥1 | 37 (34.3) | 84 (26.4) | 0.118 |
| Household crowding | |||
| Yes | 43 (39.5) | 111 (34.6) | |
| No | 66 (60.5) | 210 (65.4) | 0.360 |
| Hospitals | |||
| KCMC | 46 (42.2) | - | |
| Mawenzi | 43 (39.5) | - | |
| St. Joseph | 20 (18.3) | - | |
| Classification of pneumonia | |||
| Non-severe pneumonia | 29 (26.6) | - | |
| Severe pneumonia | 80 (73.4) | - | |
| Cyanosis | |||
| Yes | 17 (16.0) | - | |
| No | 89 (84.0) | - | |
| Fever at admission | |||
| Yes | 76 (73.1) | - | |
| No | 28 (26.9) | - | |
| Other co-morbidities | |||
| Malaria | 6 (5.6) | - | |
| Diarrhoea | 4 (3.7) | - | |
| Urinary tract infection | 14 (13.1) | - | |
*
Median
**
The total does not add to either 109 cases or 324 controls because some participants had missing information.
WAZ= WHO Weight for Age Z-score
UTI=Urinary tract infection
Completed vaccination= received age appropriate PCV and Hib vaccine